Chifukwa Chake Chisindikizo Chamakina Chosagwira Nkhungu N'chofunika

Chiyambi

Mu makina opangira mankhwala, kuyeretsa, ndi njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito madzi, kulephera kwa chisindikizo nthawi zambiri kumayamba ndi dzimbiri nthawi yayitali isanatuluke. Chisindikizo cha makina chosagwira dzimbiri chimapangidwa kuti chisunge malo otsekera, zitsulo, ndi ma elastomer kukhala olimba akakumana ndi ma acid, zosungunulira, ma hydrocarbon, ndi zinthu zina zowononga. Mtengo wake umaposa nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito: umathandiza kuwongolera mpweya wotuluka, umateteza kudalirika kwa zida, komanso umachepetsa chiopsezo cha kutsekedwa kosakonzekera kapena zochitika zachitetezo. Kukambirana komwe kuli pansipa kukufotokoza momwe zisindikizo izi zimachepetsera kutayikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwira ntchito m'malo ovuta, komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunikira kuti zitsatire malamulo komanso kuti zigwire bwino ntchito.

Chifukwa Chake Zisindikizo Zamakina Zosagwira Dzimbiri Ndi Zofunika

Mu malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi ma hydrocarbon amphamvu, kulimba kwa makina ozungulira kumadalira kwambiri njira zake zotsekera.chisindikizo chamakinaYapangidwa kuti izitha kupirira zotsatira zoyipa za madzi amphamvu, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chachikulu choletsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa komanso kutayika kwa madzi koopsa. Mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zokhazikika, zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka mwachangu zikakumana ndi ma acid, maziko, kapena matope otupa, mitundu yolimbana ndi dzimbiri imasunga mawonekedwe enieni a nkhope ndi kapangidwe kake pansi pa kuukiridwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala.

Lamulo la mafakitale la zisindikizo zapaderazi limayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza chilengedwe komanso mtengo wokwera wa nthawi yosakonzekera yogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, malo omwe ali pansi pa EPA Method 21 ayenera kusunga malire otulutsa mpweya pansi pa magawo 500 pa miliyoni (ppm), muyeso womwe sungatheke ngati zigawo za zisindikizo zikusungunuka kapena kusungunuka. Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zapamwamba komanso ma elastomer apamwamba, zisindikizo zosagwira dzimbiri zimaonetsetsa kuti mafakitale okonza zinthu akukwaniritsa miyezo yotsatizana komanso kuteteza antchito ku ming'alu kapena poizoni.

Momwe zisindikizo zosagwira dzimbiri zimachepetsera kutayikira

Mfundo yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito chisindikizo cha makina imadalira kusunga filimu yamadzimadzi ya microscopic pakati pa nkhope ziwiri zopukutidwa bwino kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kutuluka kwa madzi, nkhope izi ziyenera kukhala zathyathyathya mpaka mkati mwa mizere iwiri mpaka itatu ya kuwala kwa helium (pafupifupi mainchesi 0.000023 mpaka 0.000035). Ngati chisindikizo sichikugwirizana ndi madzimadzi a processing, dzimbiri lofanana kapena lokhazikika limasintha malo ofunika awa. Kutupa kwa ming'alu kumapanga njira zazing'ono kwambiri kudutsa nkhope za seal, pomwe dzimbiri la ming'alu limaukira mitsinje ya O-ring, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzimadzi a processing adutse zinthu zina zotsekera.

Zisindikizo zamakina zosagwira dzimbiri zimathandiza kuchepetsa kulephera kumeneku pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopanda mphamvu zomwe sizigwirizana ndi chopopera. Mwa kusunga mawonekedwe olondola a nkhope zoyambira ndikusunga kulekerera kwa chitsulo, zisindikizo izi zimasunga makulidwe abwino kwambiri a filimu yamadzimadzi. Izi zimaletsa kusintha kuchoka pa mafuta ochulukirapo kupita ku kukangana kouma, motero zimachotsa kupotoka kwa kutentha ndi matuza omwe nthawi zambiri amatsogolera ku kutuluka kwa madzi koopsa.

Ndi malo ati ogwirira ntchito omwe amafunika kukana dzimbiri

Kufunika kwa kukana mankhwala kwambiri kumachitika m'mafakitale ambiri olemera, makamaka komwe kuli pH yochuluka kwambiri kapena kuchuluka kwa halide. Mu gawo la chlor-alkali, zida nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito ndi mpweya wonyowa wa chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, ndi sodium hydroxide yochuluka pamlingo wa pH woposa 13. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zamtundu wa 300-series zimakumana ndi kusweka kwa dzimbiri mwachangu pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ma alloys achilendo.

Mofananamo,nsanja zamafuta ndi gasi za m'mphepete mwa nyanjanthawi zonse amakonza mafuta osaphika okhala ndi hydrogen sulfide (H2S) yambiri ndi mchenga wokhuthala. Mafakitale a pulp ndi mapepala amadalira magawo a bleach a mowa wakuda ndi chlorine dioxide, malo odziwika bwino chifukwa choyambitsa dzimbiri lofanana. Mu ntchito izi, chemistry yamadzimadzi imachotsa zigawo za oxide zosagwira ntchito za zitsulo zokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisindikizo zopangidwa ndi injini zosagwira dzimbiri zikhale zofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale nthawi yokwanira pakati pa kulephera (MTBF) yovomerezeka kuti ipangidwe mosalekeza.

Kodi Chisindikizo cha Makina Chosagwira Dzimbiri Chimatanthauza Chiyani?

Chisindikizo cha makina chosagwira dzimbiri chimatanthauzidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa mankhwala pakati pa magulu atatu akuluakulu a zigawo zake: nkhope zoyambira zozungulira ndi zosasuntha, zigawo za kapangidwe ka zitsulo, ndi zisindikizo zachiwiri za elastomeric. Chisindikizo cha makina chimakhala cholimba ngati gawo lake lofooka kwambiri; nkhope ya silicon carbide yolimba kwambiri imakhala yopanda ntchito ngati mphete yothandizira ya O-ring itupa kapena mbale yachitsulo isungunuka.

Ndi zinthu ziti za nkhope, chitsulo, ndi elastomer zomwe zimakhudza kukana dzimbiri

Kusankha zipangizo kumalamulira nthawi yogwira ntchito kwa chisindikizocho m'malo olumikizirana mwamphamvu. Pa nkhope zoyambira, Sintered Alpha Silicon Carbide (SiC) ndiye muyezo wamakampani wotsutsana ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kusunga bata pa pH kuyambira 0 mpaka 14. Mu ntchito zoyaka kwambiri pomwe SiC ingakumane ndi kuukira kwa malire a tirigu, ma grade apadera kapena tungsten carbide (WC) yokhala ndi nickel binder—m'malo mwa cobalt binder yomwe imakonda dzimbiri—imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zigawo zachitsulo, kuphatikizapo gland, sleeve, ndi ma spring, nthawi zambiri zimafuna kusinthidwa kuchokera ku standard 316SS. Ma alloy okhala ndi nickel apamwamba monga Hastelloy C-276, titanium, kapena Alloy 20 amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi kusweka kwa dzimbiri m'malo okhala ndi chloride yambiri kapena sulfuric acid. Pa kutseka kwachiwiri, ma elastomer ayenera kukana kutupa ndi kutulutsa kwa mankhwala. Ma Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) amapereka mankhwala ofanana ndi onse, opambana FKM kapena EPDM yokhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira mwamphamvu.

Momwe mankhwala, kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi liwiro la shaft zimakhudzira magwiridwe antchito

Kukana kwa mankhwala si chinthu chokhazikika; kumadalira kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Chiyerekezo cha Arrhenius chimati kuchuluka kwa zochita za mankhwala—kuphatikizapo dzimbiri—kumawirikiza kawiri pa kutentha kulikonse kwa 10°C (18°F). Chitsulo kapena elastomer chomwe chimasonyeza kukana bwino kwa yankho la 10% sulfuric acid pa kutentha kozungulira chingawonongeke mofulumira pa 90°C. Chifukwa chake, magawo a kutentha ayenera kuyesedwa mosamala pamodzi ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi.

Kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi liwiro la shaft kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha dzimbiri mwa kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwa makina ndi kupanga kutentha komweko. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 1,200 psig m'mapampu olemera, kumathandizira dzimbiri la ming'alu mwa kukakamiza madzi amphamvu kulowa mkati mwa ming'alu yaying'ono. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa shaft kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shear ya filimu yamadzimadzi, kukweza kutentha kwa nkhope ndikufulumizitsa kuukira kwa mankhwala pankhope za seal, chinthu chodziwika kuti thermo-chemical degradation.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire kulephera kwa dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka ndi kuuma

Kusanthula molondola kulephera ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa kuwonongeka mobwerezabwereza. Kusiyanitsa dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina kapena kuthamanga kouma kumafuna kuwunika mawonekedwe enieni a kuwonongeka. Kudzimbiri nthawi zambiri kumawonekera ngati kutayikira kwa dzenje, kuchepetsedwa kwa zigawo zachitsulo, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, pamene cobalt binder mu nkhope za tungsten carbide yatulutsidwa ndi mankhwala, nkhope imawoneka yosalala ndipo imamveka yolimba ikakhudza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pake pakhale maenje omwe sangathe kusunga filimu yamadzimadzi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuthamanga kouma kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kutentha, monga kuyang'anira kutentha (ming'alu yaying'ono ya radial pankhope ya seal) kapena matuza akuluakulu pankhope za carbon graphite. Kuwonongeka koopsa kumawoneka ngati kukumba mozama, kozungulira pamalo olumikizirana. Ngati mphete ya O-ring yalephera chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa mankhwala, idzawonetsa kutupa, kusweka, kapena kutuluka, pomwe kuwonongeka kwa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumasiya mphete ya O-ring yolimba yokhala ndi gawo lozungulira. Kuzindikira zizindikiro izi kumatsimikizira kuti kusinthidwa kwa seal pambuyo pake kumathetsa vuto loyenera.

Momwe Mungayerekezere Zosankha Zosindikizira Zamakina Zosagwira Dzimbiri

Kupeza chisindikizo choyenera kumafuna kuwunika zipangizo zomangira komanso kapangidwe ka makina. Kapangidwe kake ka chisindikizo kamasonyeza momwe zigawo zamkati zimayankhira ku madzi a ndondomeko, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusankha njira yokonza zinthu nthawi zina kungachepetse kufunikira kwa zitsulo zakunja zodula kwambiri.

Ndi njira ziti zoyerekeza zomwe ogula ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito

Ogula ndi mainjiniya odalirika ayenera kuwunika zisindikizo zamakina zosagwira dzimbiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo ndi zamalonda. Muyeso waukulu ndi Life Cycle Cost (LCC), womwe umalinganiza ndalama zoyambira zogulira ndi Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa. Chisindikizo chapamwamba chingakhale chokwera katatu kuposa kale koma chingawonjezere MTBF kuchoka pa miyezi 6 mpaka miyezi 36, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali.

Kutsatira miyezo ya mafakitale, monga API 682 (ya mafakitale amafuta, gasi, ndi mankhwala), ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri. Ogula ayenera kutchula Gulu loyenera (1, 2, kapena 3) kutengera kukula kwa pampu ndi kutentha, ndikusankha njira yoyenera yosindikizira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika luso la ogulitsa—monga kuthekera kwawo kupereka satifiketi ya EN 10204 3.1 yotsatirira zinthu—kumatsimikizira kuti ma alloys omwe adatchulidwa omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri akukwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni zachitsulo zomwe zimafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito.

Kusiyana kwa zisindikizo za single, double, cartridge, ndi split seals

Kusankha pakati pa mawonekedwe a single, double, cartridge, ndi split kumasintha momwe seal imagwirizanirana ndi malo owononga. Single seal imadalira madzi opompedwa kuti azitha kudzola; chifukwa chake, gawo lililonse liyenera kukhala logwirizana ndi mankhwala. Ngakhale single seal ili ndi mtengo wotsika woyambira, sizipereka chitetezo chachiwiri ngati filimu yoyamba ya madzi yalephera.

Zisindikizo ziwiri (ziwiri)Gwiritsani ntchito madzi oletsa kupanikizika kapena osapanikizika pakati pa magulu awiri a nkhope zotsekera. Mwa kusunga madzi oletsa kupanikizika kwambiri kuposa njira yopangira, nkhope zamkati zotsekera zimadzozedwa ndi madzi oletsa kuwononga osati mankhwala oletsa kuwononga. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalekanitsa akasupe ofewa ndi zitsulo zamkati kuchokera ku malo owononga, poteteza bwino kuukira kwa mankhwala ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe mpweya woipa.

Zisindikizo za cartridge ndi mayunitsi omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kale okhala ndi chisindikizo, gland, ndi sleeve. Zimachotsa kufunikira koyesa molondola, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri zolakwika za anthu panthawi yokonza—chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pogwira ntchito ndi mankhwala oopsa. Zisindikizo zogawanika zimalola kuyika popanda kuwononga chivundikiro cha pampu kapena mota, zomwe zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pazida zazikulu. Komabe, zisindikizo zogawanika nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malire ochepa a kuthamanga kwa mpweya (nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma psig okwana 150) ndipo siziyenera kwambiri madzi owononga kwambiri chifukwa cha mizere yogawanika yomwe ili m'zigawo zawo za elastomeric.

Momwe Mungasankhire ndi Kuteteza Chisindikizo Choyenera

Ngakhale chisindikizo cha makina cholimba kwambiri chomwe sichingagwere chingalephereke msanga ngati chikugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kapena kusokonezedwa ndi zinthu zosayenera zomwe zingachitike. Kukhazikitsa bwino kumafuna kusonkhanitsa deta mwakhama panthawi yogula, kutsatiridwa ndi kutsatira kwambiri njira zowongolera chilengedwe panthawi yogwira ntchito.

Ndi magulu ati aukadaulo wa deta ndi kugula omwe akufunikira

Kuti atchule chisindikizo choyenera, magulu a uinjiniya ndi ogula ayenera kulemba deta yonse yogwiritsira ntchito. Kapangidwe ka madzi kayenera kufotokozedwa bwino, kuphatikizapo zinthu zochepa komanso zinthu zosakhalitsa, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa 1% kwa hydrofluoric acid kapena chlorides kumatha kusintha kwambiri kuyanjana kwa zinthuzo. Mphamvu yokoka, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi, ndi kukhuthala kwa zinthu pa kutentha kogwira ntchito (komwe nthawi zambiri kumatha kupitirira 400°F / 204°C pakukonza mankhwala) ziyenera kulembedwa.

Deta ya zida zamakina ndi yofunika kwambiri. Magulu ayenera kupereka liwiro la shaft ya pampu (RPM), kukula kwa bokosi lodzaza, ndi kulekerera kwa zida. Kuti chisindikizo chapamwamba chigwire ntchito bwino, kuthamanga kwa shaft ya pampu nthawi zambiri sikuyenera kupitirira mainchesi 0.002 Kuwerenga Chizindikiro Chonse (TIR), ndipo gawo lomaliza la shaft liyenera kusungidwa pansi pa mainchesi 0.005. Kulephera kupereka deta yolondola ya zida kumabweretsa mapangidwe a chisindikizo omwe amavutika ndi kugwedezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la zipangizo zosagwira dzimbiri lisapitirire.

Momwe mayeso, miyezo, ndi chithandizo cha ogulitsa zimakhudzira kusankha

Thandizo la ogulitsandi kutsatira miyezo yoyesera yokhwima kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwa chisindikizo chosankhidwa. Opanga odziwika bwino amayesa zisindikizo zawo kuti ziyesedwe ndi hydrostatic, nthawi zambiri pa 1.5 kuposa mphamvu yayikulu yopangira, kuti atsimikizire kuti zigawo zachitsulo ndi mipata ya O-ring zili bwino pansi pa kupsinjika. Kuyesa koyenerera malinga ndi malangizo a API 682 kumatsanzira mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito, kupereka umboni wowona wa kuchuluka kwa kutuluka kwa chisindikizo ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha.

Kuphatikiza apo, chithandizo chaukadaulo cha ogulitsa ndichofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi mavuto ovuta azinthu. Wogulitsa wodziwa bwino ntchito samangogulitsa alloy yokwera mtengo koma adzasanthula makinawo kuti adziwe ngati kusintha kwa kapangidwe—monga kusintha kuchokera ku chisindikizo chimodzi kupita ku chisindikizo chachiwiri chokhala ndi madzi enaake otchinga—kungapereke chitetezo chabwino komanso moyo wautali kuposa kudalira zitsulo zachilendo zokha.

Ndi njira ziti zoyika, kutsuka, ndi kuyang'anira zomwe zimawonjezera moyo wa chisindikizo

Nthawi yogwira ntchito ya chisindikizo cholimbana ndi dzimbiri imakulitsidwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito Mapulani Oyenera a Mapaipi a API kuti azitha kuyang'anira chilengedwe cha chisindikizocho. Pa zisindikizo chimodzi zomwe zimagwira madzi owononga ndi zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa, API Plan 32 imapereka madzi akunja oyera komanso oyenera, kuthamangitsa zinthu zowononga kutali ndi nkhope za chisindikizo ndi masika.

Pa zisindikizo ziwiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito yowononga kwambiri kapena yowononga kwambiri, API Plan 53A, 53B, kapena 53C imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipereke madzi oletsa kupanikizika.

Momwe Mungathandizire Kuyika Ndalama mu Chisindikizo cha Makina Chosadzimbidwa ndi Dzimbiri

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Zomaliza zofunika kwambiri komanso chifukwa chake chisindikizo chamakina cholimbana ndi dzimbiri
• Mafotokozedwe, kutsata malamulo, ndi macheke owopsa oyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanachite izi
• Njira zotsatila zogwira mtima komanso machenjezo omwe owerenga angagwiritse ntchito nthawi yomweyo

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo cha makina chikhale cholimba chifukwa cha dzimbiri?

Imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zogwirira nkhope zogwirizana ndi mankhwala, zitsulo, ndi ma elastomer. Zosintha zomwe zimafala kwambiri zimaphatikizapo nkhope za SiC, Hastelloy kapena titanium hardware, ndi FFKM kapena ma elastomer oyenerera ofanana ndi madzi opompedwa.

Kodi ndi liti pamene ndingafunike chisindikizo cha makina chosagwira dzimbiri?

Gwiritsani ntchito imodzi pa ma acid, ma caustics, ma chloride, madzi onyowa, zosungunulira, kapena ma slurry okwiyitsa. Ndi yofunika kwambiri pa mankhwala, mafuta ndi gasi, migodi, zamkati ndi mapepala, za m'madzi, ndi mapampu oyeretsera madzi.

Kodi kukana dzimbiri kumachepetsa bwanji kutuluka kwa chisindikizo?

Zimaletsa kubowola kwa mabowo, kuukira kwa ming'alu, ndi kuwonongeka kwa elastomer komwe kumasokoneza nkhope za seal. Izi zimathandiza kusunga filimu yopyapyala yamadzimadzi, kuchepetsa kuchulukana kwa kutentha, komanso kusunga kutayikira ndi kutulutsa mpweya m'thupi.

Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala oopsa?

SiC imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa nkhope zotsekera. Ziwalo zachitsulo zingafunike Hastelloy C-276, Alloy 20, kapena titaniyamu, pomwe FFKM, FKM, kapena EPDM zimasankhidwa kutengera momwe mankhwala ndi kutentha zimakhudzira.

Kodi Victor Seals ingapereke zinthu zina zosagwira dzimbiri m'malo mwa zomatira za OEM pump?

Inde. Victor Seals imapereka zomatira zamakina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi OEM komanso zosinthidwa ndi makampani monga IMO, Alfa Laval, Grundfos, APV, Flygt, Fristam, Lowara, ndi Allweiler kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza ndi kukonza.