Zizindikiro Zochenjeza Poyamba Chisindikizo cha Makina Chisanagwire Ntchito M'mapampu Amakampani

Chifukwa Chake Zizindikiro Zoyambirira za Machenjezo a Zisindikizo za Makina Ndi Zofunika

Mu makina ogwiritsira ntchito madzi a m'mafakitale, zisindikizo zamakina zimakhala ngati chotchinga chachikulu pakati pa shaft yozungulira ndi chosungira cha pampu chosasuntha. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwawo kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kudalirika, chitetezo, ndi kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe a chipangizo chonse chopopera. M'malo ovuta monga kukonza ma hydrocarbon, kupanga mankhwala, ndi kupanga magetsi, magwiridwe antchito a zisindikizo amalamulidwa ndi magawo okhwima, nthawi zambiri kutsatira miyezo monga API 682, yomwe imafuna maola osachepera 25,000 ogwira ntchito mosalekeza popanda kufunikira kukonza.

Ngakhale kuti pali miyezo yokhwima yopangira zinthu, zisindikizo zamakina zimakhalabe chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimalephera kwambiri pa mapampu a centrifugal, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale pafupifupi 65% mpaka 70% ya njira zonse zosungira mapampu. Kuzindikira zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka kwa zisindikizo si njira yabwino yosungiramo zinthu; ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito. Kulowererapo chisindikizo chisanaphwanye malire ake ogwirira ntchito kumateteza kusintha pang'ono kwa makina kuti kusakule kwambiri mpaka kulephera kwakukulu kwa zida.

Kodi chisindikizo cha makina chimagwira ntchito bwanji mu zipangizo zamafakitale?

Pa mlingo woyambira, akusindikiza kwa makina kumaletsa kutuluka kwa madziPosunga mpata wowongoka kwambiri komanso wocheperako pakati pa malo awiri athyathyathya kwambiri: mphete yoyambira yozungulira ndi mphete yolumikizana yosasuntha. Nkhope izi zimalumikizidwa kuti zikhale zosalala za mizere iwiri mpaka itatu yowala, zomwe zimafanana ndi mainchesi 11.6 mpaka 17.4. Filimu yopyapyala yamadzimadzi—nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa mainchesi 0.5 ndi 1.5—imasuntha pakati pa nkhope izi kuti ipereke mafuta ofunikira komanso kuziziritsa.

Kupatula malo otsekera oyamba, chomangiracho chimadalira zisindikizo zina zosasinthasintha, monga mphete za elastomeric O kapena ma wedge osinthasintha a graphite, kuti apewe kutuluka kwa madzi m'mphepete mwa shaft ndi casing. Zinthu zonyamula katundu, kuphatikizapoakasupe a koyilo imodzi, masipulingi angapo, kapena zitsulo zolumikizidwa, zimayika mphamvu yokhazikika ya axial kuti zisunge nkhope zotsekeka panthawi ya kusintha kwa mphamvu. Pamodzi, zigawozi ziyenera kusintha mosinthasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kayendedwe ka microscopic axial ndi radial shaft pamene zikugwira ntchito yolimbana ndi kupsinjika kwamadzimadzi komwe kungapitirire 1,000 PSI (69 bar) pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.

Zoopsa zonyalanyaza kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo msanga

Kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu pakugwira ntchito komanso chilengedwe. Pamene filimu yamadzimadzi a microscopic ikuwonongeka kapena nkhope ya chisindikizo ikuwonongeka ndi makina, kukangana kumeneku kumabweretsa kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumachitika. Kukwera kwa kutentha kumeneku kungayambitse kuti zisindikizo zachiwiri za elastomeric zikhale zolimba, zosweka, kapena zotuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamayende mwachangu. Mu ntchito zogwira mankhwala osakanikirana achilengedwe (VOCs), izi zikutanthauza kuti mpweya woipa womwe ungapitirire msanga malire a EPA a 500 ppm pa mpweya wotuluka.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo kosayang'aniridwa nthawi zambiri kumawononga makina ena. Chisindikizo chowonongeka chimalola madzi oyendetsera ntchito kusuntha motsatira shaft, ndikuipitsa bearing holding. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kuipitsidwa kwa madzi oyendetsera ntchito mpaka 0.002% mu mafuta odzola oyendetsera galimoto kungachepetse moyo wa bearing ndi 48%. Ngati bearing yalephera, kupotoka kwa shaft komwe kumachitika kudzawononga zigawo zotsala za chisindikizo, zomwe zitha kuwononga pompu ndi impeller, ndikuchulukitsa kwambiri malo okonzera.

Momwe kuzindikira msanga kumachepetsa nthawi yopuma komanso ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Kuzindikira mwachangu kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo cha makina kumasintha kwambiri momwe ntchito yokonza pampu imagwirira ntchito. Kusintha chisindikizo cha makina nthawi zonse kumalola magulu ogula kugula zida zogwirira ntchito kupeza zida popanda kufulumizitsa ndalama ndipo kumathandiza kuti ntchito zisinthe kukhala zida zoyimitsira popanda kusokoneza kayendedwe ka ntchito. Kusintha chisindikizo cha katiriji komwe kukukonzekera kwa pampu yokhazikika ya ANSI nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mtengo wa $1,500 mpaka $3,500 ndipo kumafuna maola anayi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi ogwira ntchito.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chochitika chomwe chimachitika nthawi yomweyo chimayambitsa kutsekedwa kwadzidzidzi, komwe kumakhala ndi zilango zazikulu zachuma. Mu njira yopitilira ya petrochemical, kuzima kwa pampu kosakonzekera kungayambitse kutayika kwa ndalama zopangira kuyambira $10,000 mpaka kupitirira $100,000 pa ola limodzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwira msanga, mainjiniya odalirika amatha kusintha kuchoka pa kuzimitsa moto mwachangu kupita ku kukonza zinthu zomwe zingachitike, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) iwonjezere kawiri ndikuchepetsa ndalama zonse zokonzera ndi 30% mpaka 40%.

Zinthu Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kulephera kwa Chisindikizo

Zisindikizo zamakina sizimalephera nthawi zambiri pokhapokha zitachotsedwa; kuwonongeka kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala chizindikiro cha zovuta zomwe zimachitika kapena kusowa kwa makina. Chisindikizocho chimapangidwa kuti chigwire ntchito mkati mwa chivundikiro china cha kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi momwe madzi amakhalira. Pamene njirayo yapitirira malire opangidwa, kulinganiza bwino kwa filimu yamadzimadzi kumasokonekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti iwonongeke mwachangu.

Kumvetsetsa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kupsinjika kwa makina ndi gawo loyamba pozindikira kuwonongeka msanga. Akatswiri odalirika ayenera kuyang'anira kukhazikika kwa ma hydraulic, kapangidwe ka madzi, komanso kulumikizana kwa makina kuti atsimikizire kuti malo osungiramo makinawo akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kusakhazikika kwa kupanikizika, kuthamanga kouma, ndi cavitation

Kusakhazikika kwa hydraulic ndi komwe kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nkhope ya seal. Pamene pampu ikugwira ntchito kutali ndi Best Efficiency Point (BEP), imakumana ndi mphamvu zosalinganika za radial ndi axial zomwe zimapangitsa kuti shaft isinthe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhope za seal zitseguke ndikutseka mwachangu. Ngati Net Positive Suction Head (NPSHa) ikupezeka pansi pa malire ofunikira (NPSHr), cavitation imachitika. Kuphulika kwa thovu la nthunzi kumapanga mafunde owopsa omwe amaswa nkhope za seal za carbon kapena silicon carbide zofooka.

Kuthamanga mouma kumawononganso chimodzimodzi. Kumachitika pamene pampu itaya mphamvu, kapena pamene madzi a ndondomekoyi akusanduka nthunzi pakati pa nkhope za chisindikizo chifukwa cha kupanikizika kosakwanira kwa nthunzi. Popanda filimu yamadzimadzi opaka, kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kumakwera. Kutentha kwa nkhope kumatha kukwera ndi 150°C (300°F) mkati mwa masekondi 30 mpaka 60 kuchokera pamene madzi akutha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kuchepe—ukonde wa ming'alu ya ma radial ang'onoang'ono pa nkhope za chisindikizo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zida zodulira motsutsana ndi mphete yotsutsana nayo.

Madzi otupa, okoka makristalo, kapena owononga

Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi mankhwala a sealed media amakhudza kwambiri moyo wautali wa seal. Ma slurry okhwima okhala ndi kuchuluka kolimba kopitilira 10% polemera amafunikira kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa nkhope zolimba, monga silicon carbide motsutsana ndi tungsten carbide, kuti apewe kugwedezeka. Ngati madziwo ali ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimasungunuka zomwe zimapangika zikakhudzana ndi mlengalenga, ma crystals omwe amapezeka amatha kulowa mu dynamic O-ring grooves, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti seal ipachike ndikuletsa ma springs kutseka nkhope za seal.

Madzi owononga amawononga zitsulo zomwe zili mu sealurgy. Kusankha zinthu molakwika kungayambitse kusweka kwa dzimbiri kapena kusweka kwa chloride mu ma bellows kapena ma spring a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 316. Kuphatikiza apo, kusagwirizana kwa mankhwala ndi ma elastomeric O-rings kungayambitse kutupa ndi 20% mpaka 30% ya voliyumu yawo yoyambirira, kapena, kufupika ndikusweka, kuwononga chotchinga chachiwiri chotseka.

Mavuto a kukhazikitsa, kulinganiza, ndi mafuta

Ngakhale olimba kwambirichisindikizo cha makina chidzalephera msangangati yayikidwa pazida zomwe zawonongeka. Malangizo a API 682 amalamula kuti kutha kwa radial shaft kuyenera kusapitirira mainchesi 0.002 (0.05 mm) Kuwerengera Kwathunthu kwa Chizindikiro (TIR) ​​pa chipinda chosindikizira. Kutha kwamadzi ambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha ma shaft opindika kapena ma bearing owonongeka, kumakakamiza zigawo za chisindikizo kuti zizizungulira mozungulira nthawi iliyonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma bellows kapena ma spring achitsulo alephere kutopa.

Kuvuta kwa mapaipi ndi vuto lina lobisika. Pamene mapaipi opopera kapena otulutsa madzi ambiri alumikizidwa ku ma flange a pampu popanda chithandizo choyenera, kupsinjika kwa makina kumasokoneza chivundikiro cha pampu. Kusokonekera kumeneku kumasokoneza chipinda chosindikizira poyerekeza ndi shaft yozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta osakwanira a ma bearing a pampu kumawonjezera kugwedezeka kwa makina, komwe kumatumizidwa mwachindunji kumaso a chisindikizo, zomwe zimafulumizitsa kuwonongeka ndi kusweka.

Zizindikiro Zooneka za Kuwonongeka kwa Chisindikizo

Popeza zisindikizo zamakina zimatsekedwa mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo mapampu, ogwiritsa ntchito sangathe kuyang'ana nkhope zotsekerazo m'maso panthawi yogwira ntchito. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zamkati kumabweretsa zizindikiro zakunja modalirika. Mwa kukhazikitsa maziko olondola a ntchito yabwinobwino, magulu okonza amatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe obisika a kuwonongeka kwa zisindikizo nthawi yayitali asanafike kusweka konse.

Kuyang'anira zizindikiro zomwe zimawoneka kumafuna kuphatikiza maulendo a ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse, deta ya sensor yokha, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino momwe magwiridwe antchito amagwirira ntchito amavomerezeka. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa kutuluka kwa madzi, zizindikiro za mawu, ndi machitidwe othandizira dongosolo ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za kulephera komwe kukubwera.

Kutayikira kopitilira kulira kwa chisindikizo chachizolowezi

Ndi lingaliro lolakwika lofala kuti zomangira zamakina sizimatuluka konse. Kuti mafuta asatuluke, madzi ochepa kwambiri ayenera kudutsa pamwamba pa zomangira. Mu zomangira zathanzi, madzi amenewa nthawi zambiri amatuluka nthunzi akafika mbali ya mlengalenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo asawonekere (nthawi zambiri osakwana magalamu atatu pa ola limodzi pa ma hydrocarbons opepuka). Madzi owoneka bwino omwe amatuluka kuchokera ku gland ya zomangira ndi chizindikiro chofiira nthawi yomweyo.

Poyesa kutayikira kwa madzi, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti adziwe kuopsa kwa kuwonongekako. Kusintha kuchoka pa gland youma kupita ku kulira pang'onopang'ono (madontho 1 mpaka 5 pamphindi) kumasonyeza kuwonongeka koyamba kwa nkhope kapena kuwonongeka kwa O-ring. Kudontha kosalekeza kapena mtsinje wopitirira kumasonyeza kutayika konse kwa kukhudzana ndi nkhope kapena kusweka kwachiwiri kwa chisindikizo.

Kusintha kwa kugwedezeka, phokoso, kutentha, ndi mphamvu

Zovuta zamakina pankhope za seal nthawi zambiri zimasintha mawu ndi kugwedezeka kwa pampu. Phokoso lamphamvu kapena "lotuluka" lochokera m'chipinda chosindikizira limasonyeza kwambiri kuti madzi amatuluka kapena kuti madzi amauma. Pamene nkhope za seal zikukanda popanda mafuta okwanira, kukwera kwa kukakamiza kwa injini yamagetsi kukoka mphamvu zambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya injini kwa 5% mpaka 10%, popanda kusintha kulikonse kwa kayendedwe ka madzi kapena zofunikira pamutu, nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa nkhope ya seal.

Kusanthula kugwedezeka kumapereka chithunzi chomveka bwino. Ngakhale kugwedezeka kwa ma frequency otsika (1X kapena 2X kuthamanga liwiro) nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza kusalingana kapena kusakhazikika bwino, kuwonongeka kwa nkhope ya seal kumabweretsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa mawu. Kuphatikiza apo, kukangana kwakukulu kumabweretsa kutentha. Ngati ma thermographic scan akuwonetsa kuti kutentha kwa seal gland kumakhala kokwera nthawi zonse pakati pa 15°C mpaka 20°C (27°F mpaka 36°F) kuposa chivundikiro chozungulira cha pampu, filimu yamadzimadzi mwina ikulephera, ndipo nkhopezo zikukhudzana mwachindunji ndi makina.

Kutsuka, kuzima, madzi otchinga, ndi kutseka mphika

Kwazisindikizo ziwiri zamakina, makina othandizira otulutsira madzi, ozimitsa, kapena otchingira madzi (monga, Mapulani a API 52, 53A/B/C, kapena 54) amagwira ntchito ngati makina othandizira moyo komanso zenera loyambira lozindikira matenda. Mu dongosolo lotchingira la API Plan 53A lopanikizika, madzi otchingira madzi amasungidwa pamlingo wa 1.5 mpaka 2.0 bar (22 mpaka 29 PSI) wokwera kuposa kuthamanga kwa chipinda chotsekera. Dongosolo labwino lingataye kuchuluka kwa madzi otchingira kwa mphindi imodzi pa mwezi umodzi.

Ngati ogwira ntchito ayenera kudzazanso chidebe chosindikizira pafupipafupi kuposa kamodzi pa sabata, kapena ngati makinawo awona kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kupitirira 0.5 bar (7.2 PSI) kwa maola 24, nkhope za chidebe chosindikizidwa mkati kapena kunja kwa chidebecho zimakhala zovuta. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mu dongosolo la API Plan 52 lopanda kupanikizika, kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi a chidebe chosindikizira kapena kukwera mofulumira kwa gauge ya kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumasonyeza kuti chidebe chosindikizidwa mkati chalephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi opanikizika kwambiri azitha kulowa mu dongosolo la buffer.

Momwe Mungadziwire Zizindikiro Za Chenjezo

Chizindikiro chochenjeza chikapezeka, magulu okonza ndi odalirika ayenera kusintha kuchoka pakuwona kupita ku kuzindikira. Kuzindikira molondola kumaletsa cholakwika chofala chosintha chisindikizo cholephera popanda kuthetsa vuto la dongosolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zilephereke mobwerezabwereza.

Kulondola kwa kuzindikira matenda kumadalira kulumikiza zizindikiro zakuthupi ndi deta ya njira ndi zolemba zakale zosamalira. Mwa kuyika mfundo izi patatu, mainjiniya amatha kudziwa ngati chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli ndi makina, ntchito, kapena mankhwala.

Gwirizanitsani zizindikiro ndi zomwe zimayambitsa

Gawo loyamba pofufuza matenda ndi kulongosola zizindikiro zakuthupi zomwe zawonedwa ndi njira zomwe zingalephereke kwambiri. Kuchotsera kumeneku kumathandiza magulu kukonzekera zinthu zolondola zosinthira ndi kuthana ndi mavuto othandizira makina asanachotse pampu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chisindikizo chikutuluka ndipo chikusiya fumbi lakuda la kaboni kuzungulira gland, matenda oyamba ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya wouma kwambiri pankhope ya kaboni.

Mofananamo, ngati chisindikizocho chikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa madzi ambiri komwe kumadzipatula kwakanthawi, chomwe chingayambitse ndi kutsekedwa kwa O-ring chifukwa cha kukwiya kapena kupangika kwa makristalo, osati nkhope za chisindikizo zomwe zasweka.

Gwiritsani ntchito kugwedezeka, kutentha, ndi deta ya momwe zinthu zikuyendera

Ukadaulo wapamwamba wowunikira momwe zinthu zilili umapereka deta yofunikira kuti utsimikizire malingaliro ozindikira. Kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa mafunde, monga ukadaulo wa PeakVue, kumatha kusiyanitsa mafunde enieni opsinjika omwe amapangidwa ndi nkhope yolumikizidwa ndi microscopic seal, kuwalekanitsa ndi phokoso lakumbuyo la pampu. Izi zimathandiza akatswiri kuzindikira kusweka kwa nkhope milungu ingapo volumetric isanayambe kutuluka.

Thermography ya infrared (IR) ndi yamtengo wapatali mofanana. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapu a gradient ya kutentha kudutsa seal gland ndi flush piping, akatswiri amatha kutsimikizira ngati API flush plan ikugwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu API Plan 11 (discharge bypass to seal), ngati kutentha kwa flush line kuli kofanana ndi mpweya wozungulira osati madzi oyenda, orifice mwina yatsekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti seal ya kuzizira isamayende bwino ndikutsimikizira chomwe chachititsa kutentha kwambiri.

Unikani zolemba zowunikira ndi kukonza

Kulondola kwa kuzindikira matenda kumadalira kwambiri mbiri yakale. Akatswiri odalirika ayenera kufufuza za Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) kuti awonenso MTBF ndi njira zakale zolephera za chinthucho. Ngati pampu ikufunachisindikizo chatsopano chamakinaMiyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse, ndipo malipoti oti zinthu zawonongeka nthawi zonse amanena za "ma O-rings otulutsidwa," matendawo amasintha kuchoka pa vuto la makina kupita ku zinthu zolakwika (monga kugwiritsa ntchito Viton pogwiritsira ntchito nthunzi yotentha kwambiri m'malo mwa Kalrez).

Kuwunikanso deta ya momwe zinthu zilili kuchokera ku makina a SCADA kapena DCS panthawi yeniyeni yomwe zizindikiro zinayamba kuwonekera n'kofunikanso. Nthawi zambiri, kulephera kwa chisindikizo kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi kusokonekera kwina kwa ntchito, monga kutayika mwadzidzidzi kwa mphamvu yoyamwa, kukwera kwa kutentha mwachangu, kapena nthawi yomwe pompo idayendetsedwa motsutsana ndi valavu yotulutsa yotsekedwa. Kuzindikira zolakwika za njirazi kumatsimikizira ngati kulephera kwa chisindikizo kudachitika chifukwa cha cholakwika chogwira ntchito osati cholakwika cha gawo.

Njira Yosankhira Magulu Osamalira

Zizindikiro zochenjeza zikatsimikizika, atsogoleri okonza zinthu ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwanzeru. Njira yopangira zisankho iyenera kulinganiza kufunika kopitiliza kupanga zinthu ndi chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zida komanso kusagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Kukhazikitsa njira yokonzekera bwino zinthu kumaonetsetsa kuti njira zothanirana ndi mavuto zikuyenda bwino, zotetezeka, komanso zotsika mtengo. Njirayi imafuna njira zothanirana ndi mavuto mwachangu, kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zinthu zilili, komanso kufunsa kuti pakhale kusanthula pambuyo polephera kuti pakhale kusintha kosalekeza.

Yankho loyamba zizindikiro zochenjeza zikaonekera

Yankho loyamba lenileni ku chizindikiro cha chenjezo cha makina ndi kuletsa ndi kutsimikizira. Ngati kutayikira kwadutsa malire a kulira kosazolowereka, ogwira ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira nthawi yomweyo kuti makina otulutsira, ozimitsa, kapena otchinga a seal akugwira ntchito ndipo ali ndi valve yoyenera. Kubwezeretsa chingwe chotulutsira cha API Plan 11 chotsekedwa kapena kutulutsa mpweya wotsekedwa kuchokera ku chipinda chotulutsira nthawi zina kumatha kulimbitsa chisindikizo chosokonekera ndikuchedwetsa kulephera kwathunthu.

Nthawi yomweyo, ntchito ziyenera kuwunika zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo. Ngati madziwo ndi oopsa kapena oyaka moto, ndipo kutayikira kwa madzi kupitirira malire a malamulo am'deralo (monga, >500 ppm VOC), njira yodziwira ndi yolimba: pampu iyenera kuchotsedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala chipangizo choyimirira nthawi yomweyo. Ngati madziwo ndi abwino (monga madzi ozizira) ndipo kutayikira kwa madziwo ndi kochepa, gululo lingasankhe kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuwunika kwa madziwo mpaka tsiku lililonse kapena kusintha kwa madzi pamene likusintha ziwalo zina.

Nthawi yoti musinthe, kukonza, kapena kusintha chisindikizocho

Pompo ikangotsekedwa, gulu lokonza limakumana ndi chisankho chokonza kapena kusintha.Zisindikizo zamakina a katirijindi okhazikika kwambiri. Ngati chisindikizocho chakokedwa msanga—nkhope zisanalowe m'mizere yozama kapena zitsulo zisanatenthedwe—chisindikizocho nthawi zambiri chimatumizidwa ku malo ovomerezeka kuti chikonzedwenso. Kukonzanso nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa kwa ultrasound, kusintha mphete za elastomeric O ndi ma spring, ndikubwezeretsanso silicon carbide kapena nkhope za carbon ku flatness yofunikira ya 2-light-band.

Mtengo ndi phindu la makampani zimati ngati mtengo wokonza chisindikizo uli wochepera 60% ya mtengo wa katiriji yatsopano, kukonza ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri pazachuma. Komabe, ngati zizindikiro zoyambirira za machenjezo sizinanyalanyazidwe ndipo chisindikizocho chikakumana ndi vuto lalikulu louma, chitsulo kapena chogwirira cha katiriji chikhoza kudulidwa kapena kupotoka. Zikatero, ndalama zokonzera zimapitirira malire a 60%, ndipo kusintha kwathunthu ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika.

Momwe mungapewere kulephera kwa chisindikizo mobwerezabwereza

Gawo lomaliza pa njira yosankha ndikuletsa kubwereranso. Kusintha chisindikizo cholephera popanda kuchita Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) kumatsimikizira kuti nthawi yoti chisindikizocho chisagwire ntchito mtsogolo. Umboni weniweni pa nkhope za chisindikizo cholephera—monga kuyang'anira kutentha, kuukira kwa mankhwala, kapena kukulitsa zinthu—uyenera kulamulira kusinthidwa kwaukadaulo.

Ngati RCFA yavumbulutsa kuti kutentha kwambiri ndi komwe kwachititsa kulephera, gululo liyenera kusintha dongosolo la kutsuka, mwina kusintha kuchoka pa Ndondomeko 11 kupita ku Ndondomeko ya API 23, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphete yopompa ndi chosinthira kutentha kuti iziziritse madzi omwe ali mkati mwa chipinda chosindikizira. Ngati kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndiko chifukwa chake, kukweza zitsulo za nkhope kapena kukhazikitsa cholekanitsa cha mphepo yamkuntho (API Ndondomeko 31) kuti ichotse zinthu zolimba kuchokera ku madzi otsuka kudzasintha kosatha kugwedezeka, kusintha deta yochenjeza msanga kukhala yodalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Kutuluka kwa madzi, kugwedezeka, kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi mphamvu yochokera pa mzere woyambira wodziwika bwino kuti kusintha pang'ono kwa chisindikizo kuzindikirike musanagwe.
• Yang'anani zomatira zamakina mwachangu pamene kutayikira kwa madzi kukusintha kuchokera ku nthunzi yochepa kupita ku kudontha, kupopera, zotsalira zosungunuka, kapena kusonkhanitsa madzi owoneka bwino.
• Tetezani kudalirika kwa mabearing mwa kuthana ndi kutayikira kwa seal msanga, chifukwa ngakhale kuipitsidwa kochepa kwambiri kwa madzi mu mafuta opaka mafuta kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri moyo wa mabearing.
• Tsimikizirani kuyika, kulinganiza, kutsuka, ndi kugwirizana kwa zinthu nthawi iliyonse pamene chisindikizo chasinthidwa kuti mupewe kulephera mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha chifukwa chomwecho.
• Gwiritsani ntchito kapangidwe koyenera ka chisindikizo—monga kasupe kamodzi, elastomer bellow, cartridge, kapena chisindikizo cha makina awiri—kutengera mphamvu ya pampu, mphamvu yamadzimadzi, kuthamanga, ndi malo ogwirira ntchito.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi zizindikiro zoyambirira za kulephera kwa chisindikizo cha makina mu pampu ndi ziti?

Zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zimaonekera nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kutuluka kwa madzi m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu, kutentha kwa chipinda chosungiramo zinthu, kugwedezeka kosazolowereka, phokoso losakhazikika, kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu, kukoka mphamvu kwambiri, komanso kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta oyendera. Kusintha kulikonse kobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku pompu kuyenera kufufuzidwa nkhope za chosungiramo zinthu kapena zisindikizo zina zisanawonongeke.

Kodi kutayikira kwa madzi kuli kotani kuchokera ku chisindikizo cha makina?

Chisindikizo cha makina chimadalira filimu yopaka mafuta ya microscopic, kotero nthunzi yaying'ono kwambiri kapena kutuluka kwa madzi pang'ono kungakhale kwabwinobwino. Komabe, kudontha madzi, kupopera, kuyika ma crystallized, kapena kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa kutuluka kwa madzi kumasonyeza kuti chisindikizocho sichikugwiranso ntchito momwe chimafunira.

N’chifukwa chiyani zisindikizo zamakina zimalephera nthawi zambiri m’mapampu a mafakitale?

Zisindikizo zamakina zimagwira ntchito pozungulira, kupanikizika, kutentha, ndi madzi. Kusakhazikika bwino, kuthamanga kouma, kugwedezeka, kusayika bwino, zinthu zolakwika zosindikizira, kapena kusintha kwa njira kungasokoneze filimu yopyapyala yamadzi ndikuwononga nkhope zosindikizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisindikizo zikhale chinthu chokonzedwa nthawi zambiri.

Kodi kugwedezeka kungachenjeze za mavuto a makina osindikizira?

Inde. Kugwedezeka kwakukulu kungasonyeze kupatuka kwa shaft, kuwonongeka kwa mabearing, kutsekeka kwa cavitation, kusakhazikika bwino, kapena kusakhazikika kwa nkhope ya seal. Chifukwa mikhalidwe iyi imatha kuwononga mwachangu nkhope za seal zozungulira komanso zosasuntha, kugwedezeka kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa poyerekeza ndi deta yanthawi zonse yogwirira ntchito ya pampu.

Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ngati chisindikizo cha makina chomwe chikutuluka sichinyalanyazidwa?

Kutayikira pang'ono kumatha kukulirakulira mpaka kutenthedwa kwambiri, kulimba kwa elastomer, kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta, kuwonongeka kwa shaft, ndi kutayika kwa njira zosungira. Mu ntchito zoopsa, kunyalanyaza kutayikira kungayambitsenso zoopsa zachitetezo, zachilengedwe, komanso malamulo.