Makina Osindikizira Awiri Opangidwa ndi Makina: Nthawi ndi Chifukwa Chogwiritsira Ntchito

Chiyambi

Chisindikizo cha makina awiri nthawi zambiri chimasankhidwa pamene kutayikira sikungaonedwe ngati vuto laling'ono lokonza koma ngati chiopsezo cha chitetezo, chilengedwe, kapena kudalirika. Mu mapampu omwe amagwira madzi oopsa, osinthasintha, okhwimitsa, kapena osapaka mafuta bwino, dongosolo la chisindikizo chawiri limawonjezera chotchinga chachiwiri chosungira ndipo nthawi zambiri limagwira ntchito ndi makina othandizira kuti zinthu zikhazikike bwino. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza nthawi yomwe zovutazo zimamveka bwino, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapangitsa chisankhocho, komanso chifukwa chake kusankha chisindikizo kumakhudza kuwongolera mpweya woipa, moyo wa zida, komanso nthawi yopuma yosakonzekera. Kuyambira kuchepetsa zoopsa mpaka zachuma zogwirira ntchito, kukambiranaku kumapereka njira yothandiza yosankha nthawi yomwe chisindikizo cha makina awiri chimakhala chisankho choyenera chaukadaulo.

Chifukwa Chake Kusankha Chisindikizo Chamakina Awiri N'kofunika

Mu ntchito zamakono zoyendetsera madzi ndi kuzungulira zida,chisindikizo cha makina chimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chachikulupakati pa madzi a m'njira ndi malo akunja. Ngakhale kuti zisindikizo zamakina chimodzi chokha ndizokwanira kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, kufotokozera za makina awiri osindikizira kumakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri yaukadaulo pamene malire a cholakwika akuyandikira zero. Kusankha ukadaulo woyenera wosindikiza si nkhani yongosunga madzi okha; ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira chitetezo cha zomera, kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe, komanso phindu la ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Chisankho chokhazikitsa kasinthidwe ka zisindikizo ziwiri chimasintha kwambiri kapangidwe ka makina opopera. Chimayambitsa zotetezera zachiwiri, makina othandizira othandizira, ndi mphamvu zovuta zamadzimadzi zomwe ziyenera kusamalidwa mosamala. Kumvetsetsa mbiri yeniyeni ya zoopsa ndi zotsatirapo zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimafuna kusinthidwa kumeneku ndi gawo loyamba mu uinjiniya woyendetsa zida moyenera.

Zoopsa zodalirika komanso chitetezo

Chifukwa chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina chili mu kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi kapena kutentha kwambiri komwe kumakhudza madzi oyaka, oopsa, kapena ophulika, kulephera mwadzidzidzi kwa chisindikizo choyamba kungayambitse ngozi zomwe zingachitike nthawi yomweyo. Madzi okhala ndi ma flash points pansi pa 60°C (140°F), NFPA zoopsa zaumoyo za 3 kapena 4, kapena omwe ali ndi zonyansa za mpweya woopsa (HAPs) amafunika kutetezedwa kwambiri kuti apewe kupangika kwa nthunzi kapena moto.

Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhope yachiwiri yosindikizira, zipangizozi zimawonjezera kwambiri nthawi yapakati pakati pa kulephera (MTBF), nthawi zambiri zimawonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito ndi 150% mpaka 300% poyerekeza ndi zosindikizira chimodzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Ngati chosindikizira chamkati chawonongeka, chosindikizira chakunja chimakhala ndi madzi oyendetsera ntchito kapena madzi otchinga kwakanthawi, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kuti azitha kuzimitsa zinthu m'malo mokumana ndi vuto lalikulu ladzidzidzi.

Nkhawa zokhudzana ndi mpweya woipa ndi kutayikira kwa madzi

Malamulo okhwima okhudza zachilengedwe amakakamiza malo amakono kuti apeze mpweya woipa womwe sungathe kuchotsedwa. Malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, monga EPA's Method 21 ku United States kapena Industrial Emissions Directive ku Europe, amakakamiza malire okhwima a volatile organic compound (VOC), nthawi zambiri amalamula malire ochepera 500 parts per million (ppm), ndipo m'madera ena, otsika mpaka 50 ppm.

Chisindikizo chimodzi, mwa kapangidwe kake, chimadalira filimu yamadzimadzi ya microscopic kuti ilowetse nkhope zake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke pang'ono (nthawi zambiri magalamu 1 mpaka 5 pa ola limodzi) komanso mpweya wotuluka mumlengalenga.Zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina, makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi oletsa mpweya (API 682 Arrangement 3), amachotsa kwathunthu kutulutsa kwa madzi oletsa mpweya mumlengalenga, m'malo mwa kutuluka kwa madzi oletsa mpweya ndi madzi oletsa mpweya.

Zotsatira pakupanga ndi kukonza

Kupatula pa malamulo a chitetezo ndi chilengedwe, kusankha zisindikizo kumakhudza kwambiri kupezeka kwa zomera ndi bajeti yosamalira.Kulephera kwa zisindikizo za makina kumachititsa pafupifupi 70%njira zonse zokonzera mapampu a centrifugal. Kusintha chisindikizo cha pampu nthawi zambiri kumafuna maola 8 mpaka 24 ogwira ntchito komanso nthawi yopuma, zomwe zingabweretse kutayika kwa ntchito kuyambira $10,000 mpaka kupitirira $50,000 pa ola limodzi mu njira zopitilira za petrochemical.

Zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina zimachotsa nkhope zomatira zolunjika bwino ku zovuta zomwe zimachitika. Mwa kupereka madzi oteteza oyera, ozizira, komanso opaka mafuta ambiri, nkhope zomatira zimatetezedwa ku madzi ouma, kuwonongeka kwamphamvu, komanso kusokonezeka kwa kutentha, zomwe zimakulitsa kwambiri moyo wa pampu ndikuchepetsa njira zosakonzekera zosamalira.

Kodi Chisindikizo Chamakina Awiri N'chiyani?

Chisindikizo cha makina awiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa mu miyezo yamakono ya uinjiniya ngati chisindikizo chapawiri, imakhala ndi zisindikizo ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha zomwe zimagwira ntchito motsatizana kapena motsatizana mkati mwa chipinda chimodzi chosindikizira. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapanga dzenje pakati pa zisindikizo ziwiri zomwe zimadzazidwa ndi madzi achiwiri, omwe amadziwika kuti buffer kapena barrier fluid, omwe amathandiza kudzoza nkhope za chisindikizo, kuchotsera kutentha, ndikupereka gawo lachiwiri losungira.

Kapangidwe kake kamadalira mgwirizano pakati pa chisindikizo chamkati (chomwe chimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi madzi a process) ndi chisindikizo chakunja (chomwe chimagwirizana ndi mlengalenga). Mphamvu ya madzi achiwiri imayang'anira kugawa koyenera ndi kuthekera kogwira ntchito kwa gulu la zisindikizo ziwiri.

Tanthauzo lalikulu ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito chisindikizo chawiri imadalira kwathunthu kusiyana kwa kuthamanga komwe kumakhalapo pakati pa zisindikizo zamkati ndi zakunja. Pamene madzi amkati amasungidwa pa kuthamanga kotsika kuposa kuthamanga kwa bokosi lodzaza ndi njira, amatchedwa "madzi osungira" (Ndondomeko 2). Mu mkhalidwe uwu, chisindikizo chamkati chimathiridwa mafuta ndi madzi oyendetsera, ndipo kutuluka kulikonse kwa njira kumagwidwa ndi madzi osungira.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madzi a m'mimba akamapanikizika kufika pamlingo wokwera kuposa kuthamanga kwa njira—nthawi zambiri amakhala pa 1.5 mpaka 2.0 bar (22 mpaka 29 psi) pamwamba pa kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa bokosi lodzaza madzi, nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuchuluka kwa madzi ozungulira malita 2 mpaka 8 pamphindi—amatchedwa “madzi otchingira” (Ndondomeko 3). Pansi pa izi, madzi otchingira amapaka mafuta onse amkati ndi kunja kwa chisindikizo. Ngati chisindikizo chamkati chikatha, madzi otchingira amalowa mkati mwa njirayo, kutsimikizira kuti palibe kutuluka kwa madzi kuchokera kunja kwa njira yowopsa.

Kuyerekeza ndi zisindikizo chimodzi

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kolondola pakati pa kapangidwe ka chisindikizo chimodzi ndi ziwiri ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika mtengo wa moyo wonse komanso zoopsa. Kuwonjezera chisindikizo chachiwiri kumasintha kwambiri momwe pampu imagwirira ntchito.

Makonzedwe a chisindikizo ndi momwe nkhope ikuyendera

Zisindikizo ziwiri zimapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti zigwirizane ndi zopinga zosiyanasiyana za malo ndi zofunikira pa kupanikizika. Mawu akale a "kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo," "maso ndi maso," ndi "mgwirizano" alowedwa m'malo ndi magulu a API 682, ngakhale kuti malo ozungulira thupi akadali ofunikira.

Kuyang'ana kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kumayika mphete zozungulira zotsekereza moyang'anizana, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri pamadzimadzi oletsa kuthamanga kwambiri (nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa kuti ndi 40 mpaka 60 bar / 580 mpaka 870 psi) koma zimawonetsa zida zotsekereza mkati mwa bokosi kumadzimadzi opangira. Kuyang'ana maso ndi maso kumagawana mphete yofanana yolumikizana yosasuntha ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabokosi odzaza malo ochepa. Kuyang'ana kumbuyo (nthawi zambiri Kukonzekera 2) kumayika zisindikizo zonse ziwiri moyang'anizana mbali imodzi, kulola chisindikizo chakunja kugwira ntchito yonse ngati chisindikizo chamkati chalephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha ntchito zotulutsa mpweya wopanikizika kwambiri.

Nthawi Yogwiritsira Ntchito Chisindikizo Chamakina Awiri

Kusankha chisindikizo cha makina awiri kumafuna kulinganiza ndalama zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi zofunikira pa ntchito. Si madzi onse amphamvu omwe amafunikira zisindikizo ziwiri; kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zomangira chisindikizo chimodzi ndi mapulani opukutira kwawonjezera luso lawo. Komabe, malire enieni ogwirira ntchito ndi makhalidwe a madzi amapanga malamulo osakambirana kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito chisindikizo chachiwiri.

Mainjiniya ayenera kuwunika mosamala mawonekedwe a madzi a process, malo ogwirira ntchito, ndi zotsatira za kulephera kudziwa nthawi yomwe kusintha kuchokera ku single kupita ku dual seal kuli koyenera mwaukadaulo komanso pazachuma.

Mikhalidwe yautumiki yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito

Zinthu zingapo zovuta pa ntchito zimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo chawiri chikhale chovuta. Madzi okhala ndi tinthu tambiri tomwe timayabwa kwambiri—nthawi zambiri topitirira 10% ya kulemera kwake—amawononga mwachangu nkhope za chisindikizo chimodzi. Chisindikizo chawiri chopanikizika chimalekanitsa nkhope izi ndi zoyabwa kwathunthu.

Kuphatikiza apo, madzi okhala ndi mafuta ochepa, monga ma hydrocarbon opepuka okhala ndi kukhuthala kochepera 0.5 cP, zosungunulira zopanda mafuta, kapena madzi otentha, nthawi zambiri zimatuluka nthunzi pamwamba pa chisindikizo chimodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi ouma ayende komanso kutentha kusweka. Madzi omwe amagwira ntchito pafupi ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi amafunika kukhazikitsidwa kwa chisindikizo chawiri komwe madzi okhazikika, oteteza mafuta amatha kusunga filimu yofunika yamadzi pakati pa nkhope zozungulira ndi zosasuntha.

Zofunikira pakusankha

Njira zazikulu zosankhira zimayang'ana kwambiri kutentha, kupanikizika, poizoni, ndi zoopsa za polymerization. Kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumagwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri (monga, pamwamba pa 200°C / 400°F) nthawi zambiri kumafuna zisindikizo ziwiri zokhala ndi kuzungulira kwakunja koziziritsira kuti zisunge nkhope za chisindikizo mkati mwa malire awo a kutentha ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa elastomer.

Madzi opangidwa ndi polymer, omwe amauma kapena kuuma akakhudzana ndi mpweya wa mumlengalenga, amakhala ndi vuto lapadera. Ngati chisindikizo chimodzi chigwiritsidwa ntchito, kutuluka kwa mpweya pang'ono mumlengalenga kudzauma kumbali ya mlengalenga ya chisindikizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphete za O-rings zoyenda ziwonongeke mwachangu. Chisindikizo chawiri chokhala ndi madzi otchinga ogwirizana chimaletsa kuwonekera mumlengalenga ndi kuuma kwa mpweya pambuyo pake.

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito posankha

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito posankha chisindikizoayenera kutsatira njira zodziwika bwino zamakampani, monga njira yosankhira API 682 Annex A. Njira yogwirira ntchito imayamba ndi kuzindikira magulu a zoopsa zamadzimadzi. Ngati madzimadziwo ndi oopsa kwambiri kapena oyaka kwambiri, Arrangement 3 (pressurized double seal) imasankhidwa yokha.

Ngati madziwo si oopsa, mainjiniya amayesa mawonekedwe enieni a madziwo (monga nthunzi m'mphepete mwa 0.35 bar, kukhuthala pansi pa 0.5 cP, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono topitirira 10%). Ngati zinthuzi zili kunja kwa malire ogwirira ntchito a chisindikizo chimodzi, njira yogwirira ntchito imasinthira ku Chisindikizo 2 (chisindikizo chawiri chosapanikizika) kapena Chisindikizo 3, kutengera ngati cholinga chachikulu ndi kusunga kapena kusiyanitsa nkhope.

Kugwirizana kwa Uinjiniya ndi Kutsatira Malamulo

Kugwiritsa ntchito chisindikizo cha makina awiri sikuli kongosintha zida zokha; kumafuna kuphatikiza machitidwe othandizira ovuta. Machitidwewa amalamulira kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi ukhondo wa buffer kapena barrier fluid, ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi kofunikira kwambiri monga chisindikizocho chokha.

Mainjiniya amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri popanga makinawa, poyesa kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi malire a malo enieni a fakitale, kupezeka kwa zinthu zofunikira, komanso kugwirizana kwa zinthuzo.

Machitidwe othandizira ndi Mapulani a API

Zisindikizo ziwiri zimadalira kwambiri mapulani a mapaipi a API kuti zigwire ntchito. Chisindikizo chawiri chosapanikizika nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito API Plan 52, yomwe imayendetsa madzi osungira kuchokera ku malo osungiramo zinthu akunja (nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malita 12 mpaka 20, opangidwa kuti achotse kutentha kwa nkhope ya chisindikizo cha 1 mpaka 5 kW). Dongosololi limafuna kulumikizidwa ku makina oyaka kapena obwezeretsa nthunzi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino kutuluka kwa chisindikizo mkati mwa chisindikizo.

Zisindikizo ziwiri zopanikizika zimagwiritsa ntchito API Plan 53 (A, B, kapena C) kapena Plan 54. Plan 53A imagwiritsa ntchito chosungiramo mpweya chopanikizika, chochepera pa 10.3 bar (150 psi) kuti chiteteze kuyamwa kwa mpweya mumadzi otchinga. Pa kupsinjika kwakukulu, Plan 53B imagwiritsa ntchito chosungira chikhodzodzo, pomwe Plan 53C imagwiritsa ntchito chosungira piston chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi kupsinjika kwa process. Plan 54, yovuta kwambiri, imagwiritsa ntchito skid yakunja yolumikizira pakati kuti ipereke madzi otchinga ku mapampu angapo nthawi imodzi.

Zipangizo, kuziziritsa, ndi kapangidwe ka mapaipi

Kusankha zinthu mkati mwa seal ndi support system kuyenera kuwerengera zonse ziwiri processing medium ndi barrier fluid. Seal faces nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zipangizo zapamwamba monga sintered Silicon Carbide (SiC) kapena Nickel-bound Tungsten Carbide (TC) kuti igwire kuthamanga kwa kuthamanga (PV), nthawi zambiri kupitirira 35,000 bar-m/s (1,000,000 psi-ft/min).

Zinthu zina zotsekera (O-rings) zimalamulira malire a kutentha kwa dongosololi. Ngakhale kuti Fluoroelastomers (FKM) yokhazikika ndi yoyenera kutentha mpaka 200°C, Perfluoroelastomers yapadera (FFKM) imafunika kutentha kofika 320°C (608°F). Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka mapaipi a zingwe zoziziritsira kuyenera kuchepetsa kutayika kwa kukangana; kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ochepera mainchesi 0.5 (12.7 mm) m'mimba mwake kungalepheretse kuyenda kwa thermosyphon, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo chizitentha kwambiri.

Kutsatira malamulo ndi miyezo ya zomera

Kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi kumaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse zili bwino komanso zodalirika koma kumabweretsa zoletsa zazikulu zaukadaulo. M'magawo amafuta, gasi, ndi petrochemical, API 682 (Kope Lachinayi) ndi ISO 21049 zimakhazikitsa zofunikira zolimba pakukula kwa chipinda chosindikizira, njira zoyesera zamphamvu zamaola 100, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida.

Pa malo omwe amagwira ntchito m'mlengalenga wophulika, kutsatira malangizo a ATEX (ku Europe) kapena

Momwe Mungapangire Chisankho Chomaliza

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Zomaliza zofunika kwambiri ndi zifukwa zomveka za Chisindikizo Chamakina Awiri
• Mafotokozedwe, kutsata malamulo, ndi macheke owopsa oyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanachite izi
• Njira zotsatila zogwira mtima komanso machenjezo omwe owerenga angagwiritse ntchito nthawi yomweyo

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi chisindikizo cha makina awiri chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito liti?

Gwiritsani ntchito ngati zinthu zopopera zili ndi poizoni, zimayaka moto, zimakhala zokwawa, zimatentha kwambiri, kapena zimatha kupanga makristalo, ndipo ngati kutayikira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti pakhale chitetezo kapena kutsatira malamulo.

N’chifukwa chiyani chisindikizo cha makina awiri chili bwino kuposa chisindikizo chimodzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito moopsa?

Imawonjezera mawonekedwe achiwiri otsekera ndi buffer kapena barrier fluid, kotero ngati chisindikizo choyamba chawonongeka, kutayikira kumakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kuti chikonzedwe bwino kapena kuzimitsidwa.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa madzi osungira ndi madzi otchingira ndi kotani?

Madzi otsekereza nthawi zambiri amakhala osapanikizika ndipo amathandizira chisindikizo chakunja; madzi otchinga amakakamizidwa pamwamba pa kuthamanga kwa chipinda chotsekereza kuti madzi otsekereza asafike mumlengalenga.

Kodi Victor Seals angapereke zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina zogwirizana ndi OEM pa mapampu a mafakitale?

Inde. Victor Seals imapereka njira zotsekera zogwirizana ndi OEM komanso zosinthira zotsekera za mitundu yambiri ya mapampu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, za m'madzi, mafuta ndi gasi, komanso madzi.

Kodi chisindikizo cha makina awiri chingachepetse bwanji nthawi yogwira ntchito yokonza pampu?

Mwa kusunga nkhope za seal zili zozizira, zoyera, komanso zopaka mafuta bwino, zimachepetsa kutuluka kwa madzi, kuwonongeka, komanso kutuluka kwa madzi mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimathandiza kutalikitsa nthawi ya seal ndikuchepetsa kuyimitsa kosayembekezereka.