Kusankha zinthu zoti mugwiritse ntchito posindikiza n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa zidzakuthandizani kudziwa mtundu, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito komanso momwe ntchitoyo idzagwiritsidwire ntchito, komanso kuchepetsa mavuto mtsogolo. Apa, tikuwona momwe chilengedwe chidzakhudzire kusankha zinthu zosindikizira, komanso zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino.
Zinthu zachilengedwe
Malo omwe chisindikizo chidzaonekera ndi ofunikira kwambiri posankha kapangidwe ndi zinthu zomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pali zinthu zingapo zofunika zomwe zipangizo zotsekera zimafunikira pa malo onse, kuphatikizapo kupanga nkhope yokhazikika yotsekera, yokhoza kutentha, yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, komanso yolimba.
M'malo ena, zinthu izi ziyenera kukhala zolimba kuposa zina. Zinthu zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa poganizira za chilengedwe ndi monga kuuma, kuuma, kutentha, kutopa komanso kukana mankhwala. Kukumbukira izi kudzakuthandizani kupeza zinthu zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito posindikiza.
Malo ozungulira amathanso kudziwa ngati mtengo kapena mtundu wa chisindikizocho ungakhale patsogolo. Pa malo okhwimitsa komanso ovuta, zisindikizo zimatha kukhala zodula chifukwa zipangizo zake zimafunika kukhala zolimba mokwanira kuti zipirire mikhalidwe imeneyi.
Pa malo otere, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo pa chisindikizo chapamwamba kudzabweza ndalama pakapita nthawi chifukwa zithandiza kupewa kutsekedwa, kukonza, ndi kukonzanso kapena kusintha chisindikizo chomwe chisindikizo chapamwamba chidzabweretse. Komabe, popopera ndi madzi oyera kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopaka mafuta, chisindikizo chotsika mtengo chingagulidwe m'malo mwa ma bearing apamwamba kwambiri.
Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zosindikizira
Mpweya
Mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhope zomatira ndi chisakanizo cha mpweya wosasinthasintha ndi graphite, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chilichonse kumatsimikizira mawonekedwe enieni a mpweya womaliza. Ndi chinthu chosagwira ntchito, chokhazikika chomwe chingathe kudzipaka chokha.
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati imodzi mwa malekezero awiri mu zisindikizo zamakanika, ndipo ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chogwiritsira ntchito zisindikizo zozungulira zogawika ndi mphete za pistoni pansi pa mafuta ouma kapena ochepa. Chosakaniza cha kaboni/grafiti ichi chingathenso kulowetsedwa ndi zipangizo zina kuti chikhale ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana monga kuchepa kwa porosity, kukwera bwino kwa magwiridwe antchito kapena kulimba bwino.
Chisindikizo cha kaboni choviikidwa mu utomoni wa thermoset ndicho chofala kwambiri pa zisindikizo zamakina, ndipo ma carbon ambiri oviikidwa mu utomoni amatha kugwira ntchito m'makemikolo osiyanasiyana kuyambira maziko olimba mpaka ma asidi amphamvu. Alinso ndi mphamvu zabwino zokangana komanso modulus yokwanira yothandizira kuwongolera kusokonekera kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Zipangizozi ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwa 260°C (500°F) m'madzi, zoziziritsira, mafuta, mafuta, mankhwala opepuka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya ndi mankhwala.
Zisindikizo za kaboni zodzazidwa ndi antimony zatsimikiziranso kuti zikuyenda bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi modulus ya antimony, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pamene pakufunika chinthu cholimba komanso cholimba. Zisindikizo zimenezi zimalimbananso ndi matuza pogwiritsa ntchito madzi okhuthala kwambiri kapena ma hydrocarbon opepuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri pa ntchito zambiri zoyeretsera.
Mpweya ukhozanso kulowetsedwa ndi zinthu zopangira filimu monga fluoride kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mouma, cryogenics ndi vacuum applications, kapena zoletsa okosijeni monga phosphates kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha kwambiri, liwiro lalikulu, ndi turbine kufika pa 800ft/sec ndi pafupifupi 537°C (1,000°F).
Chomera chadothi
Zipangizo zadothi ndi zinthu zopanda chitsulo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zopangidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala alumina oxide kapena alumina. Zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri, kuuma kwambiri, kukana kuwonongeka kwambiri komanso kukana oxidation, kotero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga makina, mankhwala, mafuta, mankhwala ndi magalimoto.
Ilinso ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zamagetsi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zotetezera magetsi, zinthu zosawonongeka, zopukutira, ndi zinthu zotentha kwambiri. Mu zoyera kwambiri, alumina imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa mankhwala ku zinthu zambiri zotsukira kupatulapo ma asidi amphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri osindikizira. Komabe, alumina imatha kusweka mosavuta ikagwedezeka ndi kutentha, zomwe zachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'mafakitale ena pomwe izi zingakhale vuto.
Silicon carbide imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito silika ndi coke. Ndi yofanana ndi ceramic pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, koma imakhala ndi mafuta abwino komanso yolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yankho labwino kwambiri lolimba m'malo ovuta.
Ikhozanso kulumikizidwanso ndikupukutidwa kuti chisindikizo chikwaniritsidwe kukonzanso kangapo pa moyo wake wonse. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina, monga mu zisindikizo zamakina chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwa mankhwala, mphamvu yake yayikulu, kuuma kwake kwakukulu, kukana kusweka bwino, kukana kupsinjika pang'ono komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhope zomangira zamakina, silicon carbide imapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala bwino, nthawi yogwira ntchito yomangira imawonjezeka, ndalama zochepa zosamalira zimakhala zochepa, komanso ndalama zochepa zoyendetsera zida zozungulira monga ma turbine, ma compressor, ndi mapampu a centrifugal zimachepa. Silicon carbide imatha kukhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana kutengera momwe yapangidwira. Silicon carbide yolumikizidwa ndi reaction imapangidwa ndi tinthu ta silicon carbide tomwe timalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mu njira yogwirira ntchito.
Njirayi siikhudza kwambiri zinthu zambiri zakuthupi ndi kutentha kwa zinthuzo, komabe imachepetsa kukana kwa mankhwala kwa zinthuzo. Mankhwala ofala kwambiri omwe ndi vuto ndi ma caustics (ndi mankhwala ena okhala ndi pH yambiri) ndi ma acid amphamvu, motero silicon carbide yolumikizidwa ndi reaction-bonded sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi.
Silikoni yodzipangira yokha imapangidwa ndi tinthu ta silicon carbide tomwe timapanga pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakhala ndi okosijeni zopanga zinthu m'malo opanda mpweya pa kutentha kopitirira 2,000°C. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chinthu china (monga silicon), chinthu chopangidwa mwachindunji chimakhala cholimba ku madzi ndi njira iliyonse yomwe ingawonekere mu pampu ya centrifugal.
Tungsten carbide ndi chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana monga silicon carbide, koma ndi yoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu komwe kumalola kuti isunthe pang'ono ndikuletsa kusokonekera kwa nkhope. Monga silicon carbide, imatha kukonzedwanso ndikupukutidwa.
Ma carbide a tungsten nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati ma carbide opangidwa ndi simenti kotero palibe kuyesa kulumikiza tungsten carbide yokha. Chitsulo chachiwiri chimawonjezedwa kuti chigwirizane kapena kulimbitsa tinthu ta tungsten carbide pamodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi tungsten carbide ndi chomangira chitsulo.
Izi zagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popereka kulimba kwakukulu komanso mphamvu yogwira ntchito kuposa momwe zingathere ndi tungsten carbide yokha. Chimodzi mwa zofooka za tungsten carbide yolimbikitsidwa ndi simenti ndi kuchuluka kwake kwakukulu. Kale, tungsten carbide yolumikizidwa ndi cobalt inkagwiritsidwa ntchito, komabe pang'onopang'ono yasinthidwa ndi nickel-bound tungsten carbide chifukwa chosowa mankhwala oyenera makampani.
Kabide ya tungsten yomangidwa ndi nickel imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa nkhope zomatira komwe kuli mphamvu zambiri komanso kulimba kwambiri, ndipo imagwirizana bwino ndi mankhwala nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha nickel yaulere.
GFPTFE
GFPTFE ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa mankhwala, ndipo galasi lowonjezera limachepetsa kukangana kwa nkhope zotsekera. Ndi yabwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito koyera komanso kotsika mtengo kuposa zipangizo zina. Pali mitundu ingapo yomwe ilipo kuti igwirizane bwino ndi zofunikira ndi malo, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe ake onse.
Buna
Buna (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nitrile rabara) ndi elastomer yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya ma O-rings, ma sealant ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi utomoni. Imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake amakina ndipo imagwira ntchito bwino popangira mafuta, petrochemical ndi mankhwala. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamafuta osakonzedwa, madzi, mowa wosiyanasiyana, mafuta a silicone ndi madzimadzi a hydraulic chifukwa chosasinthasintha.
Popeza Buna ndi copolymer yopangidwa ndi rabara, imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri poika zinthu zomwe zimafuna kumatirira ndi kukanda, ndipo mankhwala oterewa amawapangitsanso kukhala abwino kwambiri poika zinthu zotsekera. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kupirira kutentha kochepa chifukwa idapangidwa ndi asidi wochepa komanso kukana pang'ono kwa alkali.
Buna ndi yocheperako pa ntchito zake chifukwa cha zinthu monga kutentha kwambiri, nyengo, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa nthunzi, ndipo si yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyeretsera omwe ali ndi ma acid ndi peroxides.
EPDM
EPDM ndi rabala yopangidwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto, zomangamanga ndi makina opangira zisindikizo ndi ma O-rings, machubu ndi ma washer. Ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa Buna, koma imatha kupirira kutentha, nyengo, ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamakina chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zogwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi yosinthasintha komanso yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, chlorine, bleach ndi zinthu zina zamchere.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zotanuka komanso zomatira, zikatambasulidwa, EPDM imabwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira mosasamala kanthu za kutentha. EPDM siilimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a petroleum, madzi, chlorinated hydrocarbon kapena hydrocarbon solvent.
Viton
Viton ndi rabara ya hydrocarbon yokhalitsa, yogwira ntchito bwino, yokhala ndi fluorine, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu O-Rings ndi seals. Ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa zipangizo zina za rabara koma ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito pazovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri zotsekera.
Ndi yolimba ku ozoni, okosijeni ndi nyengo yoipa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zinthu monga aliphatic ndi aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated fluids ndi zinthu zamphamvu za asidi, ndi imodzi mwa fluoroelastomers yolimba kwambiri.
Kusankha zinthu zoyenera zotsekera ndikofunikira kuti ntchitoyo ipambane. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri zotsekera zimakhala zofanana, chilichonse chimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti chikwaniritse zosowa zilizonse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-12-2023