Zisindikizo zamakina zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito komanso moyo wautali wa zida zozungulira, zomwe zimakhala ngati mwala wapangodya wokhala ndi madzimadzi mkati mwa makina omwe shaft yozungulira imadutsa mnyumba yoyima. Kuzindikiridwa chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo poletsa kutayikira, zisindikizo zamakina ndizofunikira kwambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale kuyambira pamapampu mpaka osakaniza. Magulu awo ndi amitundumitundu, kutengera magawo angapo omwe amaphatikiza mawonekedwe, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zovuta za kagulu ka zisindikizo zamakina, kupereka kusiyanitsa koonekeratu pakati pa mitundu yomwe ilipo ndikuwunikira momwe chilichonse chili choyenera kugwira ntchito zinazake. Kwa mainjiniya ndi akatswiri amakampani omwe akufuna kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwawo pazigawozi kapena kwa iwo omwe akusankha chisindikizo choyenera pazosowa zawo, kufufuza m'derali kuyenera kukhala kofunikira. Tsegulani dziko lovuta la makina osindikizira ndi ife pamene tikuyendayenda m'magulu awo osiyanasiyana komanso zotsatira zake pazochitika za mafakitale.
Kugawikana ndi Mapangidwe Apangidwe
Pusher Type Mechanical Zisindikizo
Zisindikizo zamakina ndizofunikira kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale, kuonetsetsa kuti madzi ali ndi madzi komanso kupewa kutayikira. Gawo lofunikira mkati mwa zisindikizo izi ndi pusher type mechanical seals. Zisindikizo izi zimadziwika ndi kuthekera kwawo kolumikizana ndi nkhope zosindikizira kudzera pa chinthu chosindikizira chachiwiri, chomwe chimakhala ndi mphete ya O kapena V-ring. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa zisindikizo za mtundu wa pusher ndi zina ndizosintha; amalipiritsa kuwonongeka ndi kusasunthika panthawi yogwira ntchito mwa 'kukankhira' chisindikizo chachiwiri pambali pa shaft kapena mkono kuti asunge kukhulupirika kwake.
Chimodzi mwazabwino zake ndikutha kusintha mawonekedwe amaso ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kukakamiza kwachipinda chosindikizira popanda kutaya mphamvu. Kusintha kumeneku kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kusintha kotere kumakhala kofala, kukulitsa moyo wa zida ndi kudalirika.
Komabe, choletsa chachilengedwe ndichakuti pansi pazovuta kwambiri, pamakhala chiwopsezo chakuti chisindikizo chachiwiri chikhoza kutulutsidwa mumpata wodutsa pakati pa shaft ndi zida zolembera za nyumba ya mpope ngati sichinapangidwe bwino kapena kuthandizidwa.
Zisindikizo zamakina amtundu wa Pusher, motero, zimapereka malire pakati pa kusinthasintha ndi kulimba pamagwiritsidwe ocheperako koma zimafunika kuganiziridwa mosamalitsa pazovuta kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirabe ntchito komanso chitetezo.
Zisindikizo Zamakina Zamtundu Wopanda Pusher
Zisindikizo zamakina zamtundu wa Non-pusher ndi gulu lodziwikiratu la njira zosindikizira zomwe zimagwira ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosindikizira zachiwiri zomwe zikuyenda mozungulira pa shaft kapena manja kuti zisungidwe kumaso. Zisindikizo izi zimapangidwira kuti zithandizire kuvala ndikusokonekera kulikonse kudzera mu kusinthika kwachilengedwe kwa kapangidwe kake, komwe nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo zinthu monga mavuvu kapena zotanuka zina.
M'zisindikizo zosakankhira, kukhulupirika kosindikiza kumasungidwa ndi kusungunuka kwa mavuvu a unit m'malo mwa makina akunja akukankhira chisindikizo pamodzi. Izi zimawathandiza kuti athe kukwanitsa kusewera komaliza ndikutha popanda kusamutsa katundu wochuluka pankhope zosindikizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo chikhale chokhazikika komanso chodalirika pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.
Mitundu iyi ya zisindikizo imakhala yothandiza makamaka ngati kuchepetsa kukangana ndi kuvala ndikofunikira chifukwa palibe o-ring yosinthika yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale kung'ambika kapena kuphulika pa shaft kapena mkono. Amaperekanso zabwino zambiri popewa kuipitsidwa chifukwa samatchera zinyalala mosavuta pakati pazigawo zomwe zikuyenda, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale omwe chiyero ndi chofunikira kwambiri.
Kusakhalapo kwa makina amtundu wa pusher kumapangitsa kuti gululi lazisindikizo zamakina likhale loyenera kwa ntchito zothamanga kwambiri komanso zomwe zimaphatikizapo zamadzimadzi zowononga kapena zotentha kwambiri zomwe zitha kusokoneza ma o-ringing achikhalidwe kapena zigawo za wedge. Kukhazikika kwapangidwe kolimbana ndi zovuta kumapangitsa kuti zosindikizira zosakankha zikhale zofunika kwambiri pamafakitale ambiri amakono.
Zisindikizo Zoyenera
M'malo osindikizira amakina, zisindikizo zowoneka bwino zimadziwikiratu chifukwa chakutha kwawo kugawa mofanana mphamvu zama hydraulic pankhope zosindikizira. Mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zosagwirizana, zomwe zimavutika ndi kukweza nkhope zapamwamba motero zimatha kuthana ndi kusinthasintha kochepa chabe, zisindikizo zamakina zokhazikika zimapangidwira kuti zizitha kuyendetsa bwino kupanikizika kwambiri. Izi zimatheka posintha mawonekedwe kapena geometry ya chisindikizo mwanjira yomwe imathandiza kuti igwirizane ndi kukakamiza kumbali zonse ziwiri za mawonekedwe osindikizira.
Kulinganiza kumeneku kumachepetsa kupindika kwa nkhope zosindikizira, motero kumatalikitsa moyo wawo pochepetsa kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuvala. Komanso amalola kuti ntchito osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana kutentha ndi kuthamanga madzimadzi. Zotsatira zake, zisindikizo zamakina zokhazikika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodalirika komanso zosunthika pazofunikira. Amasankhidwa kutengera luso lawo potengera kayendedwe ka axial ndi ma radial mkati mwa zida zopopera pomwe akusunga ntchito yosindikiza bwino.
Tikamakambirana za nkhaniyi, zikuwonekeratu kuti kusankha pakati pa mitundu yoyenerera ndi yosalinganizika kumadalira kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza kupanikizika, mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, komanso zovuta zamakina. Zisindikizo zokhazikika zimagwira ntchito yachitsanzo m'malo ovuta momwe kudalirika pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupanikizika sikumangokondedwa koma kofunika kuti ntchito ikhale yopambana.
Zisindikizo Zosalinganizika
Zosindikizira zosakhazikika zamakina ndi kapangidwe kofunikira komwe nkhope zosindikizira zimakumana ndi mphamvu yonse ya mpope kapena chipangizo chomwe amachiteteza. Zisindikizozi zimagwira ntchito polola nkhope imodzi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imamangiriridwa ku shaft yozungulira, kuti ikanikizire pankhope yosasunthika yokhala ndi kasupe wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti igwirizane. Kupanikizika m'dongosolo kumathandizira mphamvuyi koma imathanso kukhala yowononga ngati idutsa malire ena; Kupanikizika kwambiri kungayambitse mapindikidwe kapena kuvala kwambiri pankhope zosindikizira.
Chofunikira chachikulu cha chisindikizo chosagwirizana ndi chakuti mphamvu yotseka imawonjezeka mofanana ndi kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi. Ngakhale kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino pazitsulo zochepetsetsa, zisindikizo zopanda malire zakhala zikufotokozera malire - pamene zimagwira ntchito molimbika kwambiri, zimatha kukumana ndi zovuta zodalirika chifukwa cha kuchucha kwachulukidwe komanso kuchepa kwa moyo wogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe ena.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa zisindikizo zamakina osakhazikika nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo omwe kupanikizika kumakhala kocheperako ndipo sikusinthasintha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo osavuta komanso otsika mtengo, amakhalabe ofala m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana pazosowa zambiri zamakina atsiku ndi tsiku. Potchula chisindikizo chosayenerera, kuganiziridwa mozama kuyenera kuperekedwa ku zochitika zogwirira ntchito monga kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi mtundu wamadzimadzi omwe amasindikizidwa kuti atsimikizire kugwira ntchito bwino komanso moyo wautali.
Kugawa ndi Kukonzekera ndi Kukonzekera
Zisindikizo Zamakina Zimodzi (zochita).
Mu gawo la mafakitale osindikiza mayankho, amakina osindikizira amodziimayima ngati gawo lofunikira lomwe limapangidwira kuteteza kutayikira kwamadzi kuchokera ku zida zozungulira monga mapampu ndi zosakaniza. Chisindikizo chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa 'sing'onoting'ono' kapena 'chisindikizo chimodzi' chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake komwe kamakhala ndi chisindikizo chimodzi.
Chodziwika bwino cha zosindikizira zamakina amodzi ndikuti zimakhala ndi nkhope imodzi yokhazikika komanso yozungulira. Nkhopezi zimapanikizidwa pamodzi ndi akasupe - kaya kasupe kamodzi kapena kakang'ono kakang'ono - ndikupanga mawonekedwe osindikizira omwe amalepheretsa madzi kutuluka m'dera la shaft.
Zisindikizo zamakina amodzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina omwe njira yamadzimadzi simakhala yaukali kwambiri kapena yowopsa. Amagwira ntchito bwino m'malo ovuta kwambiri ndipo amapereka mwayi wopeza ndalama kuti asindikize, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika ndi zofunikira zochepa zokonza.
Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu za nkhope zonse ndikofunika kuti zigwirizane ndi zofalitsa zomwe zikugwiridwa, kukhala ndi moyo wautali, komanso kuchita bwino. Zida zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kaboni, ceramic, silicon carbide, ndi tungsten carbide, pakati pa ena. Zigawo zachiwiri zosindikizira nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma elastomers monga NBR, EPDM, Viton®, kapena PTFE omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makonzedwe osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza apo, kalasi iyi ya zisindikizo imapereka njira zowongoka zoyikapo. Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo pamapangidwe okhudzana ndi zovuta zambiri zosindikizira zambiri, zisindikizo zamakina amodzi zimafuna malo ochepa mkati mwa nyumba za zipangizo; kuphatikizika uku kungakhale kopindulitsa pokonzanso zida zakale kapena m'malo okhala ndi zopinga zapamalo.
Komabe, popeza zisindikizo zing'onozing'ono zimapereka chotchinga chimodzi chokha pakati pa madzi a ndondomeko ndi mlengalenga popanda dongosolo lililonse lachitetezo, sizingakhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zoopsa zomwe zimaphatikizapo madzi apoizoni kapena othamanga kwambiri pamene njira zowonjezera zotetezera zimakhala zofunikira.
Zikadali zofala m'mafakitale ambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake komanso kukwanira kokwanira kwa magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana; zisindikizo zamakina amodzi (zochita) zimayimira yankho lofunikira mkati mwa njira zambiri zaumisiri. Ndi kusankha koyenera kogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe inayake komanso kukonzanso koyenera kumatsatiridwa mosadukiza pakapita nthawi - njira zosindikizirazi zimatha kugwira ntchito yodalirika ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutuluka kwamadzi.
Zisindikizo Zamakina Ziwiri (zochita).
Zisindikizo zamakina ziwiri (zochita) zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti zisindikizo zamakina apawiri kapena tandem, zidapangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito zosindikiza zomwe zimafuna kuti zisindikizo zisakhale zokwanira. Amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka poletsa kutayikira ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi oopsa, apoizoni, kapena okwera mtengo pomwe kusungirako kuli kofunika kwambiri.
Zisindikizozi zimakhala ndi nkhope ziwiri zosindikizira zomwe zimayikidwa kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kapena kuyang'ana maso ndi maso, malingana ndi ntchito yawo komanso zofunikira za mapangidwe. Malo apakati pa magulu awiri a nkhope zosindikizira nthawi zambiri amapaka mafuta ndikuwongoleredwa ndi buffer fluid kapena chotchinga madzimadzi. Madzi amadzimadziwa amatha kupanikizidwa kapena kutsatiridwa molingana ndi zomwe akufuna ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati mafuta pomwe akugwiranso ntchito ngati gawo lina la kupewa kutayikira.
Ubwino wa zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina ndi kuthekera kwawo kuteteza madzimadzi kuti asatulutsidwe m'chilengedwe. Chisindikizo choyambirira chikalephera, chisindikizo chachiwiri chimatenga nthawi kuti chisungidwe mpaka kukonzanso. Kuphatikiza apo, zisindikizozi zimatha kugwira ntchito movutikira kwambiri ndipo sizikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugwedezeka komanso kusasunthika kwa shaft poyerekeza ndi zisindikizo imodzi.
Zisindikizo zamakina kawiri zimafunikira zida zothandizira zovuta kwambiri zowongolera chilengedwe pakati pa zosindikizira ziwirizi, monga posungira, mpope, chosinthitsa kutentha, komanso nthawi zambiri chosinthira kapena geji ngati madzi otchinga agwiritsidwa ntchito. Mapangidwe awo amawalola kuti azitha kuyang'anira zochitika zomwe zili ndi nkhawa zambiri zachitetezo koma zimafuna kumvetsetsa bwino za njira zoyika ndi kukonza. Ngakhale zovuta izi, kudalirika kwa zisindikizo ziwiri zamakina pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri m'magawo ambiri azamakampani monga kukonza mankhwala, kupanga mafuta & gasi, komanso kupanga mankhwala.
Kugawa ndi Mitundu Yamakina
Zisindikizo za Rubber Diaphragm
Zisindikizo za Rubber diaphragm zimayimira gulu losiyana mumagulu a zisindikizo zamakina ndi mtundu wa makina omwe amapangidwira. Zisindikizozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka komwe kutsika kutsika komanso kutentha kumakhala koyenera kumangiriza osindikiza amadzimadzi komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa zisindikizo za rabara za diaphragm ndi mitundu ina ndikugwiritsa ntchito diaphragm yotanuka - yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku mphira kapena zinthu zonga mphira - zomwe zimalola kusinthasintha ndi kubwezera zosiyana monga kusalinganika pakati pa kusindikiza nkhope kapena kuvala. Diaphragm yosinthika iyi imayikidwa pagawo lozungulira la msonkhanowo ndipo imayenda mozungulira kuti isalumikizana ndi nkhope yosasunthika ndikupanga chisindikizo champhamvu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta.
Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo komanso kusinthasintha kwake, zisindikizo za rabara za diaphragm ndizoyenera nthawi zomwe mitundu ina ya zisindikizo ingalephereke chifukwa cha mayendedwe kapena kusokonekera mkati mwa makina. Kuthekera kwawo kuti atsatire zolakwika sikungotsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa chisindikizo komanso kumapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wautali komanso wodalirika. Zomwe zimapezeka m'mapampu, ma compressor, ndi zida zozungulira, zosindikizirazi zimapereka mwayi woyika ndikukonza ndikuwonjezera kukopa kwawo.
Munthu ayenera kuganizira kuti ngakhale mikhalidwe imeneyi imapangitsa kuti zisindikizo za mphira za diaphragm zikhale zosunthika, kusiyanasiyana kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu za elastomer zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zosintha monga kuyanjana kwamankhwala, kuuma, kulekerera kutentha, ndi kukalamba pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyana ya chilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zisindikizozi zigwire ntchito komanso moyo wautumiki.
Mwachidule, zisindikizo za rabara za diaphragm zimapereka yankho logwira ntchito logwirizana ndi makina enaake omwe kusinthika kumasintha kumathandizira kwambiri kusunga chisindikizo chogwira mtima motsutsana ndi kutuluka kwamadzimadzi ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito.
Zisindikizo za Rubber Bellows
Zisindikizo za Rubber Bellows ndi mtundu wa makina osindikizira omwe amakhala ndi madzi mkati mwa zida zozungulira, monga mapampu ndi zosakaniza. Zisindikizo izi zimakhala ndi zinthu zotanuka za rabara zomwe zimapereka kusinthasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kusalunjika bwino kwa shaft, kupatuka, komanso kusewera komaliza. Kapangidwe ka mphira wa rabara kasindikizidwe kake kamayenda mozungulira kugwiritsa ntchito mavuvulo ngati kasupe kuti asayang'ane kumaso komanso ngati chinthu chosindikizira.
Kusinthasintha kwachibadwidwe kwa mavuvuku kumathandizira kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka axial popanda kupsinjika mosayenera pankhope zosindikizira, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti malo osindikizira azikhala osasunthika panthawi yogwira ntchito. Komanso, zisindikizozi zimachotsa kufunikira kwa akasupe akunja omwe amatha kutsekedwa ndi zonyansa zamadzimadzi; chifukwa chake ndi opindulitsa makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala kapena madzi okhala ndi tinthu tolimba.
Zikafika pakulimba, ma bellows a mphira amawonetsa kukana koyamikirika motsutsana ndi mankhwala ambiri chifukwa chogwirizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana za elastomeric. Chifukwa chake, posankha chisindikizo cha rabara kuti mugwiritse ntchito mwapadera, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe zimayendera komanso kutentha kwa ntchito.
Mapangidwe awo olunjika amakhala ndi magawo ochepa poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yamakina yosindikizira, yomwe imachepetsa kulephera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika za msonkhano kapena zovuta zogwirira ntchito. Kuphweka kumeneku kumathandizanso kuti kuyika kwake kukhale kosavuta komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri chifukwa palibe magawo ambiri ovuta omwe amafunikira kuwongolera bwino kapena kusintha.
Mwachidule, zosindikizira za rabara zimadziwikiratu chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake osinthika komanso magwiridwe antchito amphamvu m'malo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kusalolera bwino kapena zamadzi zodzaza ndi tinthu. Kutha kwawo kuthana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito popanda kusiya kudalirika kwa kusindikiza kumawapangitsa kukhala chitsanzo chabwino pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana omwe amafunikira mayankho ogwira mtima amadzimadzi.
O-Ring Mounted Zisindikizo
O-Ring Mounted Seals ndi mtundu wamakina osindikizira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphete ya o ngati chinthu choyambirira chosindikiza. O-ring iyi imayikidwa nthawi zambiri pamtunda wakunja kwa chisindikizo ndipo idapangidwa kuti ipereke mphamvu yosindikiza yofunikira polumikizana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri. Zisindikizozi ndizofala m'makina osiyanasiyana komwe zimakhala zolimba mpaka zokwera kwambiri, ndipo ziyenera kukhala zotha kupirira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala komanso kutentha.
O-ring mu zisindikizozi zikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za elastomeric, monga nitrile, silicone, kapena fluoroelastomers, iliyonse yosankhidwa potengera kugwirizanitsa ndi madzi omwe amasindikizidwa komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito. Kusinthasintha kwa kusankha kwazinthu za o-rings kumalola njira zothetsera makonda zogwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakampani.
Pogwiritsa ntchito, O-Ring Mounted Seals amapereka maubwino angapo pamitundu ina ya zisindikizo. Nthawi zambiri amapereka kuyika kosavuta chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta. Kuthekera kosindikiza kogwira mtima kumaperekedwa ndi elastomeric o-ring yomwe imagwirizana bwino ndi zofooka zapamtunda, ikupereka magwiridwe antchito odalirika ngakhale pansi pa zovuta ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Mawonekedwe amphamvu a O-Ring Mounted Seals amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito shaft yozungulira komwe kusuntha kwa axial kungachitike.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo nthawi zambiri kumapezeka pamapampu, osakaniza, ma agitators, compressor, ndi zipangizo zina zomwe malo ozungulira ndi ochepa koma ntchito yodalirika yosindikiza ndiyofunikira. Njira zosamalira nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kusinthiratu ma o-ringing ovala omwe amathandizira kutchuka kwawo pakusunga magwiridwe antchito komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yopumira m'malo modalira makina opitilira.
Ponseponse, gulu ili la chisindikizo chomakina limakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti madzi ali ndi madzi komanso kupewa kutayikira komwe kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwachuma komanso ngozi zomwe zingachitike m'makampani opanga makina.
Pomaliza
M'dziko lovuta kwambiri la zosindikizira zamakina, tadutsa m'magulu angapo, iliyonse yopangidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zosindikizira komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kuchokera ku kuphweka kwa zisindikizo za cartridge mpaka ku mphamvu kwa zosindikizira ndi agitor seals, kuchokera ku kulondola kwa zisindikizo zokhazikika mpaka kukhazikika kwa zosawerengeka, komanso kuchokera kumodzi mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri, kufufuza kwathu kwawonetsa kuti pali chisindikizo choyenera kugunda kwa mtima wa makina aliwonse.
Mosiyana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito, zosindikizira zamakina zimayima ngati alonda kuti asatayike, ndikuteteza makina ndi chilengedwe ndi kulimba kwawo kopangidwa. Kaya akupanikizika kwambiri kapena chifukwa cha chifundo cha zinthu zowononga, zisindikizozi zimasonyeza kuti kugawanika kumapitirira malire a msonkho-ndi kufananiza minofu ku ntchito.
Ngati makina anu ali moyo wantchito zanu, ndiye kuti kusankha chisindikizo choyenera ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi thanzi komanso mphamvu. Tetezani kukhulupirika kwa zida zanu ndi zida zopangira telala - sankhani chosindikizira chamakina chomwe chimalankhula mwachindunji ndi zosowa zanu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-13-2023