Zisindikizo zamakinazimathandiza kwambiri popewa kutayikira kwa madzi m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mu makampani a za m'madzi mulikupopera zisindikizo zamakina, zomangira makina zozungulira shaft. Ndipo mu makampani amafuta ndi gasi mulizisindikizo zamakina a katiriji,Zisindikizo zamakina zogawanika kapena zomatira zamakina zouma. M'mafakitale a magalimoto muli zisindikizo zamakina zamadzi. Ndipo m'makampani opanga mankhwala muli zisindikizo zamakina zosakaniza (zisindikizo zamakina zosakaniza) ndi zisindikizo zamakina zokakamiza.
Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, zimafunika njira yotsekera makina yokhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchitozisindikizo zamakina monga zisindikizo zamakina za ceramic, zisindikizo zamakina za carbon, zisindikizo zamakina za Silicone carbide,Zisindikizo za makina a SSIC ndiZisindikizo zamakina za TC.
Zisindikizo zamakina za Ceramic
Zisindikizo zamakina za ceramic ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zisatuluke madzi pakati pa malo awiri, monga shaft yozungulira ndi nyumba yosasuntha. Zisindikizo zimenezi zimayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kuwonongeka, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kupirira kutentha kwambiri.
Ntchito yaikulu ya zisindikizo zamakina a ceramic ndikusunga umphumphu wa zida popewa kutayika kwa madzi kapena kuipitsidwa. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo mafuta ndi gasi, kukonza mankhwala, kukonza madzi, mankhwala, ndi kukonza chakudya. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zisindikizo izi kungayambitsidwe ndi kapangidwe kake kolimba; zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zapamwamba za ceramic zomwe zimapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina zosindikizira.
Zisindikizo zamakina za Ceramic zimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: chimodzi ndi nkhope yosasuntha yamakina (nthawi zambiri yopangidwa ndi zinthu za ceramic), ndipo china ndi nkhope yozungulira yamakina (yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi carbon graphite). Kutseka kumachitika pamene nkhope zonse ziwiri zimakanikizidwa pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kasupe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chotchinga chothandiza kuti madzi asatuluke. Pamene zipangizo zikugwira ntchito, filimu yopaka mafuta pakati pa nkhope zotseka imachepetsa kukangana ndi kuwonongeka pamene ikusunga chisindikizo cholimba.
Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira chomwe chimasiyanitsa zisindikizo zamakina a ceramic ndi mitundu ina ndichakuti zimapirira kuwonongeka. Zipangizo za ceramic zili ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zolimba zomwe zimawathandiza kupirira zovuta popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zisindikizo zikhale zokhalitsa nthawi yayitali zomwe sizifuna kusinthidwa kapena kukonzedwa pafupipafupi kuposa zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zofewa.
Kuwonjezera pa kukana kuwonongeka, zinthu zadothi zimakhalanso ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri. Zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri popanda kuwonongeka kapena kutaya mphamvu yotsekera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwambiri komwe zinthu zina zotsekera zingawonongeke msanga.
Pomaliza, zisindikizo zamakina za ceramic zimapereka mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri ndi mankhwala, komanso zimalimbana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zowononga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale chisankho chokongola kwa mafakitale omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu komanso madzi amphamvu.
Zisindikizo zamakina a Ceramic ndizofunikira kwambirizisindikizo za zigawoZopangidwa kuti zisawononge madzi m'zida zamafakitale. Makhalidwe awo apadera, monga kukana kuwonongeka, kukhazikika kwa kutentha, komanso kuyanjana ndi mankhwala, zimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
| katundu weniweni wa ceramic | ||||
| Chizindikiro chaukadaulo | gawo | 95% | 99% | 99.50% |
| Kuchulukana | g/cm3 | 3.7 | 3.88 | 3.9 |
| Kuuma | HRA | 85 | 88 | 90 |
| Chiŵerengero cha porosity | % | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Mphamvu ya kusweka | MPa | 250 | 310 | 350 |
| Kuchuluka kwa kutentha koyenera | 10(-6)/K | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Kutentha kwa matenthedwe | W/MK | 27.8 | 26.7 | 26 |
Zisindikizo zamakina a kaboni
Chisindikizo cha kaboni cha makina chakhala ndi mbiri yakale. Graphite ndi isoform ya element carbon. Mu 1971, United States idaphunzira za zinthu zotsekera graphite zosinthika, zomwe zidathetsa kutuluka kwa valavu ya mphamvu ya atomiki. Pambuyo pokonza mozama, graphite yosinthasintha imakhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri chotsekera, chomwe chimapangidwa kukhala zisindikizo zosiyanasiyana za kaboni ndi zotsatira za zigawo zotsekera. Zisindikizo izi za kaboni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a mankhwala, mafuta, ndi magetsi monga chisindikizo chamadzimadzi otentha kwambiri.
Popeza graphite yosinthasintha imapangidwa ndi kukulira kwa graphite yowonjezereka pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa wothandizira wolumikizana wotsala mu graphite yosinthasintha ndi kochepa kwambiri, koma osati kwathunthu, kotero kukhalapo ndi kapangidwe ka wothandizira wolumikizana kumakhudza kwambiri ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho.
Kusankha Zinthu Zopangira Chisindikizo cha Kaboni
Woyambitsa woyamba adagwiritsa ntchito asidi wokhuthala wa sulfuric acid ngati oxidant ndi intercalating agent. Komabe, atagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chisindikizo cha chitsulo, sulfure yochepa yotsala mu graphite yosinthasintha idapezeka kuti ikuwononga chitsulo cholumikizana pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Poganizira izi, akatswiri ena akunyumba ayesa kukonza, monga Song Kemin yemwe adasankha acetic acid ndi organic acid m'malo mwa sulfuric acid. acid, yomwe imachedwetsa nitric acid, ndikuchepetsa kutentha kufika kutentha kwa chipinda, yopangidwa kuchokera ku chisakanizo cha nitric acid ndi acetic acid. Pogwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha nitric acid ndi acetic acid ngati cholowetsa, graphite yopanda sulfur inakonzedwa ndi potassium permanganate ngati oxidant, ndipo acetic acid inawonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono ku nitric acid. Kutentha kumachepetsedwa kufika kutentha kwa chipinda, ndipo chisakanizo cha nitric acid ndi acetic acid chimapangidwa. Kenako graphite yachilengedwe ndi potassium permanganate zimawonjezedwa ku chisakanizochi. Pakusakaniza kosalekeza, kutentha ndi 30 C. Pambuyo pochita izi kwa mphindi 40, madziwo amatsukidwa mpaka atasiya kuuma ndipo amaumitsa pa 50 ~ 60 C, ndipo graphite yotambasulidwa imapangidwa pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu. Njirayi siimapangitsa kuti chinthucho chikhale cholimba ngati chingathe kukula pang'ono, kuti chikhale chokhazikika ngati zinthu zotsekerazo zikugwira ntchito.
| Mtundu | M106H | M120H | M106K | M120K | M106F | M120F | M106D | M120D | M254D |
| Mtundu | Wopatsirana | Wopatsirana | Phenol wopatsirana | Antimoni Carbon (A) | |||||
| Kuchulukana | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Mphamvu Yosweka | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 60 | 55 |
| Mphamvu Yokakamiza | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 220 | 220 | 210 |
| Kuuma | 85 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 90 | 65 |
| Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1.5 | <1.5 | <1.5 |
| Kutentha | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 400 | 400 | 450 |
Zisindikizo zamakina za Silicon Carbide
Silicon carbide (SiC) imadziwikanso kuti carborundum, yomwe imapangidwa ndi mchenga wa quartz, petroleum coke (kapena coke ya malasha), matabwa (omwe amafunika kuwonjezedwa popanga silicon carbide yobiriwira) ndi zina zotero. Silicon carbide ilinso ndi mchere wosowa, mulberry. Mu C, N, B ndi zipangizo zina zamakono zosakhala ndi oxide high technology refractory, silicon carbide ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo, zomwe zingatchedwe mchenga wagolide kapena mchenga wotsutsa. Pakadali pano, kupanga silicon carbide m'mafakitale ku China kumagawidwa m'magulu a silicon carbide yakuda ndi silicon carbide yobiriwira, zonse ziwiri ndi makristalo a hexagonal okhala ndi gawo la 3.20 ~ 3.25 ndi microhardness ya 2840 ~ 3320kg/m².
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicon carbide zimagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina. Mwachitsanzo, silicon carbide ndi chinthu choyenera kwambiri chosindikizira makina a silicon carbide chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwa mankhwala, mphamvu yake yayikulu, kuuma kwake kwakukulu, kukana kuvala bwino, kukana pang'ono kwa kukangana komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Mphete za SIC Seal zitha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: mphete yosasunthika, mphete yosuntha, mphete yathyathyathya ndi zina zotero. Silikoni ya SiC ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana za carbide, monga mphete yozungulira ya silicon carbide, mpando wokhazikika wa silicon carbide, silicon carbide bush, ndi zina zotero, malinga ndi zofunikira zapadera za makasitomala. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito limodzi ndi zinthu za graphite, ndipo coefficient yake ya friction ndi yaying'ono kuposa alumina ceramic ndi hard alloy, kotero ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamtengo wapamwamba wa PV, makamaka ngati ili ndi asidi wamphamvu komanso alkali wamphamvu.
Kuchepa kwa kukangana kwa SIC ndi chimodzi mwazabwino zazikulu zogwiritsa ntchito mu zomatira zamakanika. Chifukwa chake SIC imatha kupirira kuwonongeka ndi kung'ambika bwino kuposa zipangizo zina, zomwe zimawonjezera moyo wa chomatiracho. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwa kukangana kwa SIC kumachepetsa kufunikira kwa mafuta. Kusowa kwa mafuta kumachepetsa kuthekera kwa kuipitsidwa ndi dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito komanso kudalirika kukhale bwino.
SIC ilinso ndi mphamvu yolimba yotha kusweka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza popanda kuwonongeka kapena kusweka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito chomwe chimafuna kudalirika komanso kulimba kwambiri.
Ikhozanso kulumikizidwanso ndikupukutidwa kuti chisindikizo chikwaniritsidwe kukonzanso kangapo pa moyo wake wonse. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina, monga mu zisindikizo zamakina chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwa mankhwala, mphamvu yake yayikulu, kuuma kwake kwakukulu, kukana kusweka bwino, kukana kupsinjika pang'ono komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhope zomangira zamakina, silicon carbide imapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala bwino, nthawi yogwira ntchito yomangira imawonjezeka, ndalama zochepa zosamalira zimakhala zochepa, komanso ndalama zochepa zoyendetsera zida zozungulira monga ma turbine, ma compressor, ndi mapampu a centrifugal zimachepa. Silicon carbide imatha kukhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana kutengera momwe yapangidwira. Silicon carbide yolumikizidwa ndi reaction imapangidwa ndi tinthu ta silicon carbide tomwe timalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mu njira yogwirira ntchito.
Njirayi siikhudza kwambiri zinthu zambiri zakuthupi ndi kutentha kwa zinthuzo, komabe imachepetsa kukana kwa mankhwala kwa zinthuzo. Mankhwala ofala kwambiri omwe ndi vuto ndi ma caustics (ndi mankhwala ena okhala ndi pH yambiri) ndi ma acid amphamvu, motero silicon carbide yolumikizidwa ndi reaction-bonded sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi.
Choponderezedwa ndi reaction-sinteredsilicon carbide. Mu zinthu zotere, ma pores a zinthu zoyambirira za SIC amadzazidwa panthawi yolowa mkati mwa kuyatsa silicon yachitsulo, motero SiC yachiwiri imawonekera ndipo zinthuzo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zapadera zamakanika, zomwe zimakhala zosatha kutha. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake kochepa, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo zazikulu komanso zovuta zomwe zimalekerera bwino. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa silicon kumachepetsa kutentha kwakukulu kogwirira ntchito kufika pa 1,350 °C, kukana kwa mankhwala kumakhalanso kochepa pa pH 10. Zinthuzo sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo okhala ndi alkaline.
SinteredKabide ya silicon imapezeka pochotsa granulate ya SIC yopyapyala kwambiri yomwe yapanikizidwa kale kutentha kwa 2000 °C kuti ipange mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chinthucho.
Choyamba, latisi imakhuthala, kenako ma porosity amachepa, ndipo pamapeto pake ma bond pakati pa tinthu timayamba kuuma. Pakukonza koteroko, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chinthucho kumachitika - pafupifupi 20%.
Mphete yosindikizira ya SSIC imalimbana ndi mankhwala onse. Popeza palibe silicon yachitsulo m'mapangidwe ake, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha mpaka 1600C popanda kusokoneza mphamvu yake.
| katundu | R-SiC | S-SiC |
| Kuchuluka kwa madzi (%) | ≤0.3 | ≤0.2 |
| Kuchulukana (g/cm3) | 3.05 | 3.1~3.15 |
| Kuuma | 110~125 (HS) | 2800 (kg/mm2) |
| Modulus Yotanuka (Gpa) | ≥400 | ≥410 |
| Zomwe zili mu SiC (%) | ≥85% | ≥99% |
| Zamkati (%) | ≤15% | 0.10% |
| Mphamvu Yopindika (Mpa) | ≥350 | 450 |
| Mphamvu Yokakamiza (kg/mm2) | ≥2200 | 3900 |
| Kukulitsa kutentha koyenera (1/℃) | 4.5×10-6 | 4.3×10-6 |
| Kukana kutentha (mumlengalenga) (℃) | 1300 | 1600 |
Chisindikizo cha makina cha TC
Zipangizo za TC zili ndi mawonekedwe okhwima kwambiri, amphamvu, okana kukanda komanso okana dzimbiri. Zimadziwika kuti "Mano a Mafakitale". Chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake abwino, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani ankhondo, ndege, kukonza makina, zitsulo, kuboola mafuta, kulumikizana kwamagetsi, zomangamanga ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapampu, ma compressor ndi ma agitators, mphete ya Tungsten carbide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zisindikizo zamakina. Kukana kukanda bwino komanso kuuma kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kupanga zida zosawonongeka zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, kukangana ndi dzimbiri.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, TC ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: tungsten cobalt (YG), tungsten-titanium (YT), tungsten titanium tantalum (YW), ndi titanium carbide (YN).
Cholimba cha Tungsten cobalt (YG) chimapangidwa ndi WC and Co. Ndi choyenera kukonza zinthu zofooka monga chitsulo chosungunuka, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi zinthu zopanda chitsulo.
Stellite (YT) imapangidwa ndi WC, TiC ndi Co. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezera TiC ku alloy, kukana kwake kutopa kwawonjezeka, koma mphamvu yopindika, magwiridwe antchito opukutira komanso kutentha kwachepa. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwake pa kutentha kochepa, ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodula mwachangu osati pokonza zinthu zofooka.
Tungsten titanium tantalum (niobium) cobalt (YW) imawonjezeredwa ku alloy kuti iwonjezere kuuma, mphamvu, ndi kukana kukwawa kwa kutentha kwakukulu kudzera mu kuchuluka koyenera kwa tantalum carbide kapena niobium carbide. Nthawi yomweyo, kulimba kumawongoleredwanso ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino odulira. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazida zodulira zolimba komanso kudula kosalekeza.
Kalasi ya titanium yopangidwa ndi kaboni (YN) ndi alloy yolimba yokhala ndi gawo lolimba la TiC, nickel ndi molybdenum. Ubwino wake ndi kuuma kwambiri, kuthekera koletsa kulumikiza, kukana kukalamba komanso kuthekera koletsa kukhuthala. Pa kutentha kopitilira madigiri 1000, imatha kupangidwabe. Imagwiranso ntchito pomaliza chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chitsulo chozimitsa.
| chitsanzo | kuchuluka kwa nickel (kulemera%) | kachulukidwe (g/cm²) | kuuma (HRA) | mphamvu yopindika (≥N/mm²) |
| YN6 | 5.7-6.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YN8 | 7.7-8.2 | 14.4-14.8 | 87.5-90.0 | 2000 |
| chitsanzo | kuchuluka kwa cobalt (kuchuluka kwa mafuta%) | kachulukidwe (g/cm²) | kuuma (HRA) | mphamvu yopindika (≥N/mm²) |
| YG6 | 5.8-6.2 | 14.6-15.0 | 89.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YG8 | 7.8-8.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.0-90.5 | 1980 |
| YG12 | 11.7-12.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 87.5-89.5 | 2400 |
| YG15 | 14.6-15.2 | 13.9-14.2 | 87.5-89.0 | 2480 |
| YG20 | 19.6-20.2 | 13.4-13.7 | 85.5-88.0 | 2650 |
| YG25 | 24.5-25.2 | 12.9-13.2 | 84.5-87.5 | 2850 |